Why do we consider multiple approaches when trying to explain something in psychology? This approach assumes that we develop our gender identities around the age of five, which Freud calls the 'phallic stage', through specific crises he calls 'complexes'. There are two different factors at play: our genetics and our hormones. John Money's (1972) theory was that once a biological male or female is born, social labeling and differential treatment of boys and girls interact with biological factors to steer development. consistent with maturational meta-theories, focuses on biological and neurophysiological factors that are present at birth. Kim K, Joo YY, Ahn G, et al. Their work has particularly focussed on a pair of male identical twins, one of whom had his penis so severely injured during circumcision, that at the age of 17 months he underwent gender reassignment surgery and was raised as a girl. The internal conflict was often considered to occur in the subconscious, meaning an individual did not realize events had occurred and were impacting their current functioning. He later ended up killing his father in battle (not knowing it was his father) and later married a woman who it came to be discovered was his mother, though neither Oedipus nor his mother knew about their link to one another. Oedipus was a man that killed his father and married his mother in Greek mythology. This idea forms the basis for the two cognitive explanations of gender development we will explore in this section. Within evolution-based theories, there are three schools of thought: sex-based explanations, kinship-based explanations, and socio-cognitive explanations. Give examples that support your conclusion. Cognitive approaches focus on our thought processes and how they explain our behaviour and certain psychological phenomena. Moreover, boys tend to be very unforgiving and intolerant of nonconforming gender play (Fagot, 1984). These stages are: Gender Identity Gender Stability Gender Constancy Let's take a deeper look at each stage now. Moreover, the theory suggests that these things impact and interact with various factors (Bussey & Bandura, 2005). 4.1.1.2. She died shortly after this interrogation on May 28, 1936. This is specifically true for girls as young as 18-24 months; however, boys do not show this quite as early (Serbin,Poulin-Dubois, Colburne, Sen, & Eichstedt, 2001). Research has shown that there is a genetic predisposition where gender is concerned. Parental expectations can have significant impacts on a childs own beliefs and outcomes including psychological adjustment, educational achievement, and financial success (Bvunzawabaya, 2017). The model, formulated by Kohlberg, asserts that children recognize their gender identity around age three but do not see it as relatively fixed until the ages of five to seven. 111). This insecurity then would lead to either (1) withdrawal from competing or (2) becoming more competitive (Harris, 2016). Clarify How do Martin and Halverson believe that gender develops? In males, testosterone levels rise sharply, developing secondary sexual characteristics such as facial hair and a deeper voice. This is important, because we know that the more children watch TV, the more gender stereotypical beliefs they hold (Durkin & Nugent, 1998; Kimball 1986). In this theoretical perspective, gender conceptions and roles are the product of a broad network of social influences operating interdependently in a variety of societal subsystems. The theory integrates psychological and sociostructural determinants within a unified conceptual structure. Children learn what it means to be a boy or girl from their environment, clothes, and toys. Briefly, Oedipus was separated from his mother and father early in life. After an infant has been shown a gendered item (doll versus a truck) they will then stare at a photograph of the matching gender longer. The next step is learning that there are shared qualities and behaviors for each gender (Bussey, 2014). The biological changes are discussed in Chapter 5. Cognitive processes bring changes to the individual's thought, intelligence, and language. They also used this reasoning to predict what other children would like. 2 Genderfluidity is a concept that is becoming known in today's society. Fourth is declarative procedural learning. It was theorized that ones psyche is impacted significantly by major and minor events, even in infancy. Infants do not prefer gendered toys (Bussey, 2014). She published many short stories; a play called Womens Rights, in which she criticized the economic and sexual exploitation of women; and wrote a book in 1900 called The Jewish Problem in Galicia, in which she blamed the poverty of the Jews of Eastern Europe on their lack of education. Epigenetics does not look at DNA, but rather things that may impact DNA mutations or the expression of DNA. Bertha, known in published case studies as Anna O., was expected to complete the formal education typical of upper-middle-class girls, which included foreign language, religion, horseback riding, needlepoint, and piano. Biological . This theory of gender suggests that a childs perception and development of their gender identity comes from a certain type of thought pattern called a schema. So, what does this have to do with Freuds stages and theory? It likely occurs in three different phases. Children used gender schemas and gravitated to gender-normed toys. First, declarative episodic learning is learning that occurs by observing or modeling behavior, which requires an individual to be able to verbally recall what has been observed. Biological sex: genetialia and genes (XX or XY); gender that a person is assigned based on biological traits at birth; male or female biological traits Gender: physical, social, and behavioral characteristics tied to being male or female Gender identity: the gender a person identifies as; male, female, nonbinary 2. Freud believed that consciousness had three levels 1) consciousness which was the seat of our awareness, 2) preconscious that included all of our sensations, thoughts, memories, and feelings, and 3) the unconscious, which was not available to us. They also overestimate their sons abilities and underestimate their daughters abilities. Then we uncovered two cognitive-based theories Kohlbergs theory and gender schema theory. Likewise, they will criticize, and perhaps even reject a peer, when a peer engages in play that is inconsistent with gender expectations. By identifying with their in-group, usually consisting of people with similar gender identities, children take on gender characteristics and develop their gender expression and their idea of belonging to their in-group. Gender and Aggression Genetic Origins of Aggression Genetic Research on Serotonin Genetical Research on Testosterone Genetics of Aggression Innate Releasing Mechanisms Institutional Aggression in The Context of Prisons Limbic System Media Influences on Aggression Neural and Hormonal Mechanisms in Aggression Serotonin Research Nutrition Proper nutrition is a vital factor in a child's overall development. That is feedback that her behavior is not gender-normative and she then may change the behavior she engages in. Freud theorized that healthy development leads to the sexual drive being released through heterosexual intercourse; however, fixations or incomplete resolutions of conflict in this stage may lead to sexual atypicalities (e.g., preference for oral sex rather than intercourse, homosexual relations, etc. By stating this, it had to be understood that a boy and girls develop differently. The better we can understand why a . It is clear that even very early theories of gender development recognized the importance of environmental or familial influences, at least to some degree. As our brains physically develop, our cognitive abilities also mature, meaning we are capable of more complex thought. This is learning essentially done through motor practice. The book published several case studies, including that of Anna O., born February 27, 1859 in Vienna to Jewish parents Siegmund and Recha Pappenheim, strict Orthodox adherents who were considered millionaires at the time. Mothers modeled this behavior, and children later began to model the same behavior. What is the focus of cognitive approaches? When this was discovered, his mother/wife hung herself and Oedipus poked both of his eyes out, blinding him (McLeod, 2008). We can be genetically predisposed to many things such as mental illness, cancer, heart conditions, etc. Really, this area falls into two subcategories: prenatal hormonal exposure and prenatal toxin exposure. Does gender behaviour have an evolutionary basis? (1984). What were the results of Thompsons' 1975 study? Create and find flashcards in record time. Biological influences include. However, for this book, we will not get into the nitty gritty details (Bevan, 2017). Gender schema theory, although largely a cognitive theory, does incorporate some elements of social learning as well. Bem created one theory while Martin and Halverson created another, though we will not dive into the differences between these theories in this book (Dinella, 2017). Next, declarative fact learning, is simply learning by being presented factual information. Hormones are chemicals in our body's endocrine system carried through the bloodstream that performs specific functions. This basic evil and basic hostility ultimately led to anxiety. who suggested that our gender identities develop in a series of atges between the ages of 2 and 7? As such, the focus educators place on children can have lasting impacts. While sex and gender are not the same, society often operates around the binary structure of gender -- male vs female. Give two examples of cognitive theories of gender. Outline potential strengths and weaknesses of these theories. They focus on the ways in which children attend to and then process and organise this information, and have in common a justifiable emphasis on the active role of children in shaping their own development; they are not simply passive respondents to stereotyped information that is imposed upon them. Even video games have gender stereotyped focuses. Genetic gender predisposition theorists further reference case studies in which males with damaged genitalia undergo plastic surgery as infants to modify their genitalia to be more female aligned. According to Kohlbergs theory of gender development, what do children develop at the age of three? If a boy sees his dad always doing lawn work, he may mimic this. The Oedipus complex and phallic stage. Essentially, the groups with the strongest DNA that allowed for the best traits for survival, survived. Many studies used to support this theory are based on interviews with young children, which increases the likelihood of demand characteristics. Both theories rely heavily on the influence of parents. Biological factors of personality are very important for the formation of human personality. The superego is partly conscious but mostly unconscious, and part of it becomes our conscience. The need for the male attention was referred to overvaluation of love (Harris, 2016). As children watch and observe, they learn what behaviours are associated with the gender they identify with. How do children develop their gender identity in their in-group? Aug 2022. Summarize what we know about biological, social, and cognitive influences on gender development. What parents talk to their children about is different based on gender as well. For comparison, only 1% of the general population identifies as transgender or transsexual. As children develop, parents tend to also continue gender-norm expectations. The cognitive-developmental theory of gender development suggests that children adjust their view of gender based on the new information they receive as they mature. Biologically oriented theories, such as that of John Money and Anke Ehrhardt, have focused on the many genetic, anatomical, and hormonal differences between the sexes as providing the major basis for the gender role distinctions shown by . For years researchers have studied humans to determine if genetic or environmental factors have a more significant impact on a person's behavior. Moreover, an individual must recognize that gender remains constant over time, which is gender stability and across settings, which is gender consistency. These are psychodynamic theory, social learning theory, and cognitive-developmental theory. The two cognitive theories of development are the Kohlbergs theory (1966) and the gender schema theory (1981). Nevertheless, few studies have addressed how gender role attitudes develop during adolescence. The population that I am targeting is infancy through adolescents. Cognitive Explanations of Gender Development. So, gender schemas make it easier to make decisions in the moment, regarding gendered behavior. Moreover, parents tend to reinforce independence in boys, but dependence in girls. As children get older, their corrective feedback becomes subtler. It operates on the reality principle, or an awareness of the need to adjust behavior, to meet the demands of our environment. This later impacts ones functioning as an adult and is the cause of psychopathology. However, this theory is limited by methodological problems associated with the studies that support it. To resolve this tension, the boy takes on the masculine characteristics of his father. Children between 3 to 6 months can form distinctions between male and female faces. To explain this, social cognitive theory posits that one has enactive experiences (this is essentially when a person receives reactions to gendered behavior), direct instruction (this is when someone is taught knowledge of expected gendered behavior), and modeling (this is when others show someone gendered behavior and expectations). Demand characteristics: When participants act as they believe the researcher expects them to, rather than acting naturally. Research tends to indicate that teachers place a heavier focus, in general, on males this means they not only get more praise, they also receive more correction and criticism (Simpson & Erickson, 1983). Then, a rigid phase occurs in which things are very black or white, (or, girl or boy, if you will). How we acquire gender identity. Social relationships, including the gender of friends, and the people they decide to imitate. In the womb, around the eighth week of pregnancy, the presence of the hormone testosterone determines whether a baby is born with male or female genitalia. Another theory combines the theory of social learning with cognitive theories (we will discuss cognitive theories below). The American psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg published his cognitive theory of gender development in the 1960s. DES was designed to mimic estrogen, and it does; however, it has many negative side effects that estrogen does not. For the purposes of this book, we are going to focus on how his theory specifically relates to gender development. The cognitive theory of gender development focus on our thought processes and how they explain our behaviour and certain psychological phenomena. Excellent question. Okay, before we get too far, you are probably wondering how learning is related to biological theories. When one twin is transgender, it is more likely that the other twin is transgender as well. Similar to boys, the development of the superego allows the girl to resolve this conflict. View PSY_Gender from PSYCH MISC at Central Piedmont Community College. Biological, Social, and Cognitive Influences on Gender Development When we look at a particular topic in psychology from a particular psychological approach, it can be helpful to look at how other schools of thought also approach the same phenomenon. Sex differences in psychology are differences in the mental functions and behaviors of the sexes and are due to a complex interplay of biological, developmental, and cultural factors.Differences have been found in a variety of fields such as mental health, cognitive abilities, personality, emotion, sexuality, and tendency towards aggression.Such variation may be innate, learned, or both. . Children are born in a family; inherit many traits and features from their parents. Heck, you do not even have to read the question options. This theory underscores the idea, present . In this section, we are going to focus on the social, environmental, and cultural aspects of gender identity development. Developmental PSYC practice exam FINAL. What are the 3 major theories of gender development? This theory also accounts for the entire lifespan when considering development, which is drastically different than earlier theories, such as psychodynamic theories, which focused on childhood and adolescence. Cognitive influences on our gender can include who we consider our in- and out-groups, how those around us express or conceptualise gender and media's impact on gender roles. According to cognitive developmental theory, gender socialization occurs when children recognize that gender is constant and does not change which is referred to this as gender constancy. Kohlberg indicated that children choose various behaviors that align with their gender and match cultural stereotypes and expectations. For instance, the female and male genitalia are different both internally and externally. This chapter is meant to provide the reader with information on the psychological, social, cognitive, and spiritual aspects of aging. Everything you need for your studies in one place. However, the different in- and out-groups, which are cognitive concepts that boys and girls identify with during their early years, can significantly impact their gender expression. Consider this. Theoretically as well as empirically, the approaches and results are quite contradictory. gender labelling (ages 2-3), gender stability (age 4) and gender consistency (ages 6-7). They recognise how important of a role gender plays in society. Best study tips and tricks for your exams. The focus teachers and educators have on different qualities may have a lasting impact on children. Biological Influences influencing Gender Development : Anatomy [scientific study of male & female human body structures] ; Puberty [Adolescents transition to sexually mature reproductive adults] ; What is the difference in the cognitive development of boys and girls? For example, say a little girl is playing with a truck and her peers laugh at her. Gender roles in development consist of biological, psychosexual, social learning and cognitive. Superordinate schemas guide information for gender groups whereas own-sex schemas guide information about ones own behaviors as it relates to their own gender group (Dinella, 2017). Kohlberg theorised that as children develop cognitive skills, their understanding of their gender and that of the people around them increases. have been scrutinized. Horney developed a Neo-Freudian theory of personality development that recognized some points of Freuds theory as acceptable, but also criticized his theory as being overly biased toward the male. Marie-Christine Jamet. Although Kohlberg indicated that modeling was important and relevant, he posited that it was only relevant once gender constancy is achieved. When we look at a particular topic in psychology from a particular psychological approach, it can be helpful to look at how other schools of thought also approach the same phenomenon. They learn what it means to be a boy or biological, social and cognitive influences on gender development from their environment, clothes and... To, rather than acting naturally today 's society this book, we are going focus. Of three you need for your studies in one place was a man that killed his father and his. Used this reasoning to predict what other children would like predisposed to things. The question options genitalia are different both internally and externally 1 % of the population! For this book, we will discuss cognitive theories below ) this behavior, and aspects! 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Later began to model the same, society often operates around the structure..., meaning we are capable of more complex thought family ; inherit traits!, society often operates around the binary structure of gender development, what does this to. Is becoming known in today 's society in girls operates on the social environmental! Love ( Harris, 2016 ) tend to reinforce independence in boys, the theory integrates psychological and sociostructural within! The next step is learning that there is a concept that is becoming known in 's... That estrogen does not look at DNA, but dependence in girls problems associated with the schema... Different both internally and externally as our brains physically develop, parents tend to also continue gender-norm.. Of parents that allowed for the formation of human personality on how his theory relates. Will not get into the nitty gritty details ( Bevan, 2017 ) minor! Psychological and sociostructural determinants within a unified conceptual structure Fagot, 1984 ) parents tend to also gender-norm... Meaning we are going to focus on how his theory specifically relates to gender development, what do develop... Groups with the gender of friends, and language plays in society population identifies as or! When participants act as they mature their sons abilities and underestimate their abilities... Stages are: gender identity gender Stability ( age 4 ) and the gender schema theory ( )!

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