Byzantine Empire Map under Justinian Justinian I was unquestionably the most famous emperor in the Byzantine Empire. 2122, with a reference to Procopius, Secret History 8.3. The Corpus forms the basis of Latin jurisprudence (including ecclesiastical Canon Law) and, for historians, provides a valuable insight into the concerns and activities of the later Roman Empire. Justinian also rebuilt the Church of Hagia Sophia (which cost 20,000 pounds of gold),[83] the original site having been destroyed during the Nika riots. His name is used to name the plague that also afflicted him. The second book, the Digesta, was drawn up between 530 and 533. As in Africa, dynastic struggles in Ostrogothic Italy provided an opportunity for intervention. Several centuries later, in 410 AD, a Neoplatonic Academy was established that had no institutional continuity with Plato's Academy, and which served as a center for Neoplatonism and mysticism. The Sasanian Empire, likewise, resumed hostilities with the Byzantines, and the Iberian War began in the east; which would not reach its conclusion until the reign of Justinian. "The Byzantine Roman Emperor Justinian." Both the Codex and the Novellae contain many enactments regarding donations, foundations, and the administration of ecclesiastical property; election and rights of bishops, priests and abbots; monastic life, residential obligations of the clergy, conduct of divine service, episcopal jurisdiction, etc. [108] Rivalry with other, more established patrons from the Constantinopolitan and exiled Roman aristocracy might have enforced Justinian's building activities in the capital as a means of strengthening his dynasty's prestige. In the Paradiso section of the Divine Comedy, Canto (chapter) VI, by Dante Alighieri, Justinian I is prominently featured as a spirit residing on the sphere of Mercury. He even alienated the pope in Rome, creating a schism. alongside his wife, Theodora. At the very beginning of his reign, he deemed it proper to promulgate by law the Church's belief in the Trinity and the Incarnation, and to threaten all heretics with the appropriate penalties,[77] whereas he subsequently declared that he intended to deprive all disturbers of orthodoxy of the opportunity for such offense by due process of law. See Geoffrey Greatrex, "Byzantium and the East in the Sixth Century" in Michael Maas (ed.). [5] This ambition was expressed by the partial recovery of the territories of the defunct Western Roman Empire. Justinian I, Latin in full Flavius Justinianus, original name Petrus Sabbatius, (born 483, Tauresium, Dardania [probably near modern Skopje, North Macedonia]died November 14, 565, Constantinople [now Istanbul, Turkey]), Byzantine emperor (527565), noted for his administrative reorganization of the imperial government and for his sponsorship of a codification of laws known as the Code of Justinian (Codex Justinianus; 534). [citation needed], Justinian occasionally appears in the comic strip Prince Valiant, usually as a nemesis of the title character. Under its terms, the Persians agreed to abandon Lazica in exchange for an annual tribute of 400 or 500 pounds of gold (30,000 solidi) to be paid by the Romans.[66]. The Calendar of Saints of the Lutheran ChurchMissouri Synod and the Lutheran ChurchCanada also remember Justinian on 14 November.. During his reign, he founded Justiniana Prima not far from his birthplace. [64] In J. Witte, Jr & G. Hauk (Eds. Pockets of resistance, reinforced by Franks and Alemanni who had invaded Italy in 553, lingered on until 562, when the Byzantines were in control of the whole of the country. Under the rule of Justinian, many historians would make the argument that Byzantine . Both parties made little headway, and in 545 a truce was agreed upon for the southern part of the Roman-Persian frontier. Gill, N.S. Following a terrible earthquake in 551, the school at Berytus was transferred to Sidon and had no further significance after that date. The young king Athalaric had died on 2 October 534, and a usurper, Theodahad, had imprisoned queen Amalasuintha, Theodoric's daughter and mother of Athalaric, on the island of Martana in Lake Bolsena, where he had her assassinated in 535. Dated Emperor Justinian I Byzantine Empire follis coin. Justinians forces ultimately held off the Persians, but they did not hold off the barbarians. Justinian then recalled the victorious Belisarius. While the crowd was rioting in the streets, Justinian considered fleeing the capital by sea, but eventually decided to stay, apparently on the prompting of his wife Theodora, who refused to leave. Then, when Justin died on August 1, 527, Justinian went from joint to sole emperor. Watch. The flowering of Byzantine architecture and art occurred in the reign of the Emperor Justinian from 527-565, as he embarked on a building campaign in Constantinople and, subsequently, Ravenna, Italy. [105], Another prominent church in the capital, the Church of the Holy Apostles, which had been in a very poor state near the end of the 5th century, was likewise rebuilt. [1] Like many country youths, he went to Constantinople and enlisted in the army, where, due to his physical abilities, he became a part of the Excubitors, the palace guards. Justinian II was the first son of Emperor Constantine IV and Anastasia. On the northern frontier in the Balkans the Roman provinces faced continual attacks from barbarian raiders. The destruction that took place during the revolt provided Justinian with an opportunity to tie his name to a series of splendid new buildings, most notably the architectural innovation of the domed Hagia Sophia. [97], The civil rights of Jews were restricted[98] and their religious privileges threatened. : VICTORI - A AVGGG H, Angel standing facing, holding long staff surmounted by staurogram and globus cruciger; star to right. [74], Justinian saw the orthodoxy of his empire threatened by diverging religious currents, especially Monophysitism, which had many adherents in the eastern provinces of Syria and Egypt. [114] Then, in the early 550s, two monks succeeded in smuggling eggs of silk worms from Central Asia back to Constantinople,[115] and silk became an indigenous product. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. [99] Justinian also interfered in the internal affairs of the synagogue[100] and encouraged the Jews to use the Greek Septuagint in their synagogues in Constantinople. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. In the early 500s, Justina high-ranking military commander in Constantinople (now Istanbul)took Justinian under his wing. City after city was captured by the Ostrogoths until only Ravenna, Otranto, and Ancona remained in Byzantine hands. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Belisarius arrived and received only token resistance. The first truly strong Byzantine Emperor was Justinianwho ruled the Byzantine Empire from 527 CE to 565 CE. The latter holds in Heaven the souls of those whose acts were righteous, yet meant to achieve fame and honor. [67] The army reached Ravenna in June 552 and defeated the Ostrogoths decisively within a month at the battle of Busta Gallorum in the Apennines, where Totila was slain. After that, the Lazic War in the North continued for several years: the Lazic king switched to the Byzantine side, and in 549 Justinian sent Dagisthaeus to recapture Petra, but he faced heavy resistance and the siege was relieved by Sasanian reinforcements. He adopted Justinian either before or after he became emperor; hence the name Justin ianus. It formed the basis of later Byzantine law, as expressed in the Basilika of Basil I and Leo VI the Wise. During his reign the large Sangarius Bridge was built in Bithynia, securing a major military supply route to the east. Justinian's wife, Theodora, was the daughter of a bear-keeper father who became bear-keeper to the "Blues" (relevant to the Nika Revolts, below), an acrobat mother, and she herself is considered to have been a courtesan. [23] Justinian served as a candidatus, one of 40 men selected from the scholae palatinae to serve as the emperor's personal bodyguard. After this initial ecclesiastical overhaul, the rest of Justin's reign was relatively quiet and peaceful. In 518 Justin ascended the throne of the Byzantine Empire. most powerful. The fleet of about 500 vessels set out with 92 warships. Maurice then turned his attention to the Balkans, which, after a decade of inattention from the army, had become completely ravaged by the Slavs. controlled the military and made the laws. Justinian was responsible for his various reforms that he implemented that had a lasting effect on the empire even after his passing. Here, Justinian resorted mainly to a combination of diplomacy and a system of defensive works. A history of the Byzantine state and society. He also sponsored the codification of laws known as the Codex Justinianus (Code of Justinian) and directed the construction of several important cathedrals, including the Hagia Sophia. Petar Miloevi/Wikimedia Commons (CC by 4.0), Name: (At birth) Petrus Sabbatius; Flavius Petrus Sabbatius JustinianusBirthplace: ThraceDates: c.482, at Tauresium - 565Ruled: April 1, 527 (jointly with his uncle Justin until August 1) - November 14, 565Wife: Theodora. Obverse: DN IVSTINIANVS PP AVG, helmeted, cuirassed bust facing . Byzantine Empire, Justinian I, 527-565 . These additions expanded the Byzantine Empire to the largest point in its history. War broke out again in 540, when Justinian was fully occupied in Italy. When Justinian came to the throne, his troops were fighting on the Euphrates River against the armies of the Persian king Kavadh (Qobd) I. The Byzantines, after this decisive victory, were now easily able to hold the frontier on the Danube as it had been since the Roman Empire, as well as gain control over some minor territories in southern Dacia. The strength of the dynasty was shown under Justinian I. The reign of Justinian was a prodigiously paramount period. The professor emphasizes the geographic and economic . The Novellae, a collection of new laws issued during Justinian's reign, supplements the Corpus. Byzantine Empire: Justinian and Theodora - From Swineherd to Emperor - Extra History - #1 Extra History 2.71M subscribers Join Subscribe 37K Share 2.9M views 7 years ago Extra History:. Pannonia and Upper Moesia: A History of the Middle Danube Provinces of the Roman Empire, Andrs Mcsy. The DIR article on Justinian says Procopius claims Justinian's aunt, Empress Euphemia, by marriage, so disapproved the marriage that Justinian waited until she died (before 524) before even starting to deal with the legal impediments to the marriage. Two important facets of Justinians foreign policy were his continuation of the age-old struggle with Persia and his attempt to regain the former Roman provinces in the West from the control of barbarian invaders. [72] The heavy taxes that the administration imposed upon Italian population were deeply resented. What did Justinian I accomplish as emperor? It consists of the Codex Justinianeus, the Digesta or Pandectae, the Institutiones, and the Novellae. Justinian had inherited a war with Persia from Justin I. Justinian continued the war, succeeding in sending a force all the way down the Euphrates, but the raid stalled, and he lost the beginnings of a new fortress in a crushing defeat. Reverse: Demonation M nummia = 1 follis, Constantinople mint (CON), officinia B, reign . [124][125], The historian Procopius recorded in 536 in his work on the Vandalic War "during this year a most dread portent took place. Justinian, who had always had a keen interest in theological matters and actively participated in debates on Christian doctrine,[37] became even more devoted to religion during the later years of his life. Justinian is best remembered for his work as a legislator and codifier. Justinian's legacy is elaborated on, and he is portrayed as a defender of the Christian faith and the restorer of Rome to the Empire. He was the head of the army, the highest political authority and the supreme legislator and judge. Justinian, the last emperor to use Latin, ruled until 565, leaving an impressive list of achievements that included the codification of old Roman law, the construction of Hagia Sophia, and a vigorous attempt to reclaim lost imperial lands in the west. 448476; 472, Treatises written by Justinian can be found in Migne's, Lindberg, David C. "The Beginnings of Western Science", p. 70. [24], When Emperor Anastasius died in 518, Justin was proclaimed the new emperor with significant help from Justinian. Rapists were treated severely. Justinian confesses that he was partially motivated by fame rather than duty to God, which tainted the justice of his rule in spite of his proud accomplishments. The Byzantine senate, meanwhile, gathered in the great hall of the palace. Sardinia and Corsica, the Balearic Islands, and the stronghold Septem Fratres near Mons Calpe (later named Gibraltar) were recovered in the same campaign. The recovery of Africa cost the empire about 100,000 pounds of gold.[59]. Justinian, or Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Justinianus, was arguably the most important ruler of the Eastern Roman Empire. Complete a blank sample electronically to save yourself time and money. Past emperors had supported the Monophysites' position, which was in direct conflict with the Orthodox teachings of the papacy, and this strife led to the Acacian schism. Justinian I (527-565), Tremissis, Constantinople mint Obverse: the bust of the emperor straight ahead D N IVSTINIANVS P P AVG Reverse: Victory advancing to right, head to left, holding wreath and globus cruciger, star in right field, CONOB in exergue VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM This campaign marked the apogee of Byzantine expansion. [63], Belisarius arrived in the East in 541, but after some success, was again recalled to Constantinople in 542. He forced Justinian I to pay him 5,000 pounds of gold, plus 500 pounds of gold more each year. doi:10.1017/9781108233255.008. [76], As in his secular administration, despotism appeared also in the Emperor's ecclesiastical policy. Justinian had thus maintained his eastern provinces virtually intact in spite of the vigorous offensives of the Persian king, so his policy on this front can hardly be described as a failure. Byzantine Empire: Justinian dynasty | Map and Timeline Story 517 Prologue 518 Reign of Justin I 519 Reparing Relations with Rome 521 Lazica submits to Byzantine rule 523 Kaleb of Askum invades Himyar 526 Earthquake 526 Iberian War 527 Reign of Justinian 529 Codex Justinianus 530 Battle of Dara 531 Battle of Callinicum 532 Nika riots 533 Vandal War [122], During the 530s, it seemed to many that God had abandoned the Christian Roman Empire. Treadgold, Warren T. (1997). [35] Justinian was struck by the plague in the early 540s but recovered. 527 C.E. Another contemporary historian, Procopius, compares Justinian's appearance to that of tyrannical Emperor Domitian, although this is probably slander. In 582 he married Tiberious' daughter and succeeded him on the throne at the age of 43.[17]. Coin: Follis of Justinian I (527-565 AD), struck Constantinople, year 13 (= 539-540 AD). Emperors Justin I (and later Justinian himself) rescinded these policies and reestablished the union between Constantinople and Rome. ", "The historical earthquakes of Syria: an analysis of large and moderate earthquakes from 1365 B.C. See for this section Moorhead (1994), pp. ZJ19, Byzantine Empire, Justinian I (527-565) AV Solidus (4.43g) Constantinople, 545-565. These campaigns re-established Roman control over the western Mediterranean, increasing the Empire's annual revenue by over a million solidi. At the Fifth Ecumenical Council, most of the Eastern church yielded to the Emperor's demands, and Pope Vigilius, who was forcibly brought to Constantinople and besieged at a chapel, finally also gave his assent. Justin reversed this trend and confirmed the Chalcedonian doctrine, openly condemning the Monophysites. Justinian died on November 14, 565, in Constantinople. The Byzantine Emperor Justinian in the 6th century CE. [88] Other peoples also accepted Christianity: the Heruli,[89] the Huns dwelling near the Don,[90] the Abasgi,[91] and the Tzanni in Caucasia. Gill, N.S. The Vandals, after maintaining North African dominance since the fall of the Western Roman Empire, had become content and laid back; their army, despite being twice the size of the 15,000 men commanded by Belisarius, was poorly trained and ill-equipped to deal with an imperial threat. As a result of this unpopularity, he was deposed by the army in 602 and replaced with their choice, Phocas. Fri frakt ver 199 kr. Justinian II (668/9 - November 4, 711) was the last Byzantine emperor of the Heraclian dynasty, reigning from 685 to 695 and again from 705 to 711. On the other hand, centres of learning such as the Neoplatonic Academy in Athens and the famous Law School of Berytus[110] lost their importance during his reign. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). One important luxury product was silk, which was imported and then processed in the Empire. King Gelimer fled to Mount Pappua in Numidia, but surrendered the next spring. The Justinian dynasty ended in 602 with the deposition of Maurice and the ascension of his successor, Phocas. Justinian I served as emperor of the Byzantine Empire from 527 to 565. Emperor Justinian. [106] The Church of Saints Sergius and Bacchus, later renamed Little Hagia Sophia, was also built between 532 and 536 by the imperial couple. By that time Theodahad had been deposed by the Ostrogothic army, who had elected Vitigis as their new king. to 1900 A.D.", SchaffHerzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge, Lecture series covering 12 Byzantine Rulers, including Justinian, De Imperatoribus Romanis. Justinian protested Gelimer's actions, demanding that Gelimer return the kingdom to Hilderic. [112] Justinian also tried to find new routes for the eastern trade, which was suffering badly from the wars with the Persians. Milan was taken, but was soon recaptured and razed by the Ostrogoths. On Theodora's insistence, and apparently against his own judgment,[47] Justinian had Anastasius' nephews executed.[48]. [75], Near the end of his life, Justinian became ever more inclined towards the Monophysite doctrine, especially in the form of Aphthartodocetism, but he died before being able to issue any legislation. He was an ambitious ruler who sought to reclaim much of the territory that the Roman Empire had lost. Before the matter was resolved, Justinian died, in 565. He was legally adopted by Justin and held important offices. During his reign, Justinian reorganized the government of the Byzantine Empire and enacted several reforms to increase accountability and reduce corruption. Justinian Ruler where the Byzantine empire reached its greatest size. Either way, just four months after proclaiming his nephew the co-emperor, Justin died on 1 st of August 527, leaving the throne to Justinian - the new emperor of the Byzantine Empire. [68] The recovery of Italy cost the empire about 300,000 pounds of gold. Failure to keep them out is one of the criticisms sometimes made against Justinian. Other talented individuals included Tribonian, his legal adviser; Peter the Patrician, the diplomat and long-time head of the palace bureaucracy; Justinian's finance ministers John the Cappadocian and Peter Barsymes, who managed to collect taxes more efficiently than any before, thereby funding Justinian's wars; and finally, his prodigiously talented generals, Belisarius and Narses. In 525 Emperor Justin I named his favorite nephew, Justinian, caesar of the Byzantine Empire. The Plague of Justinian (541-542 CE) was one of the worst plagues in recorded history, arguably bringing two major empires to devastation and affecting numerous societies across Eurasia. Details. In 525, perhaps at the insistence of Justinian, Justin repealed a law which effectively forbade court officials from marrying people of low class. Justinian's Crown is a historical artifact claimed by the Byzantine Empire in the popular 2020 computer strategy game Crusader Kings 3, by Paradox Development Studio. Download this stock image: Infographic of the Basilica of St. Sophia of Constantinople (Istanbul), built in the VIth century on the orders of the Byzantine emperor Justinian. She helped. The area was not completely pacified until 548,[58] but remained peaceful thereafter and enjoyed a measure of prosperity. 476 Ostrogoths depose the last Roman emperor in the West. During his reign, Justinian reorganized the government of the Byzantine Empire and enacted several reforms to increase accountability and reduce corruption. In January 532, partisans of the chariot racing factions in Constantinople, normally rivals, united against Justinian in a revolt that has become known as the Nika riots. An Illyrian, Justinian was born Petrus Sabbatius in A.D. 483 in Tauresium, Dardania (Yugoslavia), a Latin-speaking area of the Empire. [citation needed]. https://www.thoughtco.com/byzantine-roman-emperor-justinian-118227 (accessed March 1, 2023). See A. D. Lee, "The Empire at War", in Michael Maas (ed.). In 552, Justinian dispatched a force of 2,000 men; according to the historian Jordanes, this army was led by the octogenarian Liberius. It was followed by the Digesta (or Pandectae), a compilation of older legal texts, in 533, and by the Institutiones, a textbook explaining the principles of law. Package includes: 2 hours cooking class . Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for Byzantine Empire Justinian I 527-565 AD Bronze Follis NGC VF Nicomedia Mint 543 at the best online prices at eBay! He had no male heir, and on his death there was not only antagonism between Arian Goths and Catholic Italians but also a rift within the ranks of the Ostrogoths, some of whom were violently anti-Byzantine. Making no headway, he was relieved of his command in 548. [20][21][22] His mother was Vigilantia, the sister of Justin. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Cooking class in Turkish Cuisine 55 2 hour Turkish cuisine training course with the executive chef of Olive Anatolian Restaurant. During the mutiny, a civil war began between rival factions in Persia, and Maurice saw an opportunity. Such an approach was supported by the Empress Theodora, who favoured the Miaphysites unreservedly. [11] He then moved on to mainland Italy. He reinforced Ravenna, and his generals found success against the Persians in battles in Armenia and against the Berbers in North Africa. Justinian was a Christian emperor of the Roman Empire on the cusp between Antiquity and the Middle Ages. [78] He made the Nicaeno-Constantinopolitan creed the sole symbol of the Church[79] and accorded legal force to the canons of the four ecumenical councils. He was legally adopted by Justin and held important offices. [citation needed], The Glittering Horn: Secret Memoirs of the Court of Justinian was a novel written by Pierson Dixon in 1958 about the court of Justinian. As the emperor of the Byzantine Empire, Justinian accomplished a great deal, over the course of a reign that extended from 527, all the way up to 565. Justinian's childless uncle became the Roman Emperor Justin I in A.D. 518. She was by profession an actress and some twenty years his junior. ThoughtCo, Aug. 28, 2020, thoughtco.com/byzantine-roman-emperor-justinian-118227. Their king, Theodoric the Great, was suspicious of plots by the Byzantines; and turned on the Roman senatorial class, going so far as executing the philosopher Boethius, who was attempting to end the persecution. Corrections? Vlkommen till Bokus bokhandel! In 685, at the age of sixteen, Justinian II succeeded his father as sole emperor. Many of the Ostrogoths had never submitted, and after the two short and unfortunate reigns of Hildebad and Eraric, they proclaimed Totila (Baduila) as their king in the autumn of 541. In Italy, dynastic squabbles amongst the ruling Ostrogoths gave Justinian an opportunity to invade, and in 535 he sent Belisarius to Sicily with 7,500 men. The final victory in Italy and the conquest of Africa and the coast of southern Hispania significantly enlarged the area of Byzantine influence and eliminated all naval threats to the empire, which in 555 reached its territorial zenith. [59] Under Justinian's rule, measures were taken to counter corruption in the provinces and to make tax collection more efficient. Justinian may have exerted great influence on his uncle and is considered by some historians, such as Procopius, to be the real power behind the throne. He took the Roman name Justinianus from his uncle, Justin. The consistency of Justinian's policy meant that the Manicheans too suffered persecution, experiencing both exile and threat of capital punishment. Justinian expelled teachers of paganism from the Academy in Athens, closing the schools of Athens, in 529. But the truth is, that Justinian was the de-facto ruler, even as early as 518, as Justin was increasingly incapable of rule in the last years of his life. [119], Despite all these measures, the Empire suffered several major setbacks in the course of the 6th century. Justin I was born in a big village, Bederiana, in the 450s CE. In these and other domestic affairs, Justinian excelled. Work on the first book, the Codex Constitutionum, began shortly after Justinians elevation in 527. They landed at Caput Vada (modern Ras Kaboudia) in modern Tunisia. [23] Most notably, he had the Hagia Sophia, originally a basilica-style church that had been burnt down during the Nika riots, splendidly rebuilt according to a completely different ground plan, under the architectural supervision of Isidore of Miletus and Anthemius of Tralles. [2] As such, he surrounded himself with intelligent advisers, the most notable of which was his nephew, Justinian. As a collection it gathers together the many sources in which the leges (laws) and the other rules were expressed or published: proper laws, senatorial consults (senatusconsulta), imperial decrees, case law, and jurists' opinions and interpretations (responsa prudentium). "The Byzantine Roman Emperor Justinian." In 541 he invaded Lazica in the north. The overstretched emperor ran out of money and could not pay the army of the East which was fighting the Persians, and they threatened to mutiny. When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. Justinian himself took the field only once, during a campaign against the Huns in 559, when he was already an old man. Justinian is best remembered for his work as a legislator and codifier. Author of. [107] Works of embellishment were not confined to churches alone: excavations at the site of the Great Palace of Constantinople have yielded several high-quality mosaics dating from Justinian's reign, and a column topped by a bronze statue of Justinian on horseback and dressed in a military costume was erected in the Augustaeum in Constantinople in 543. They and their fans began shouting Nika 'Victory' in the Hippodrome. Justinian and Theodora were Blues fans. Emperor Justinian I was a master legislator. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Justinian-I, The Met - The Byzantine State under Justinian I, Ancient Origins - Emperor Justinian the Great: The Life and Rule of a Visionary Roman, World History Encyclopedia - Biography of Justinian I, Encyclopedia Iranica - Biography of Justinian I, Justinian I - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), Migrations and kingdoms of the Goths in the 5th and 6th centuries. In 527, Justin appointed Justinian co-emperor after becoming dangerously ill. Justin recovered from the illness, however, several months later, he died of an ulcer on an old wound; and Justinian then ascended the throne.[8]. Moorhead ((1994), p. 164) gives the lower, Greatrex ((2005), p. 489) the higher figure. The Byzantine Empire had its first golden age under the Justinian dynasty, which began in 518 AD with the accession of Justin I. Stanford University Press. For an account of Justinian's wars, see Moorhead (1994), pp. ThoughtCo. Thereupon Belisarius, with 7,500 men,[60] invaded Sicily (535) and advanced into Italy, sacking Naples and capturing Rome on 9 December 536. Justinian I (/ d s t n i n /; Latin: Iustinianus, Classical Latin: [iustinians]; Greek: Ioustinianos; 482 - 14 November 565), also known as Justinian the Great, was the Eastern Roman emperor from 527 to 565.. His reign is marked by the ambitious but only partly realized renovatio imperii, or "restoration of the Empire". This article is about the Byzantine emperor. 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