His desire to poison the animal stems solely from his own hatred of the beast, and his racial self-loathing prevents him from offering any sound counsel to Pecola. She finds Frieda upstairs crying. Thanks for creating a SparkNotes account! Czechoslovakia also feared Hitler and began building its own defences. 7 turrets for mixed weapons + mortar of 50mm (2.0in). Infantry Casemates: These bunkers were armed with twin machine-guns (abbreviated as JM Jumelage de mitrailleuses in French) and anti-tank guns of 37 or 47mm (1.5 or 1.9in). The landscape of the Moselle region is truly beautiful and everywhere you will find abandoned, rusting reminders of what was once the most formidable line of forts ever constructed. The free trial period is the first 7 days of your subscription. Frieda and Claudia decide to ask Pecola to get whisky from her father in order to keep Frieda from getting fat. But this may not be a fair characterization. Your group members can use the joining link below to redeem their group membership. Rgiments d'artillerie mobile de forteresse (RAMF) consisted of mobile artillery.[11]. The Maginot Line: Actually a Good Idea. But it was too late to reorganize the entire French military in a matter of months. They find the house and see Pecola sitting on the stoop outside. With the advent of French nuclear weapons in the early 1960s, the line became an expensive anachronism. You'll be able to access your notes and highlights, make requests, and get updates on new titles. China, Poland, and Miss Marie These women are the local prostitutes in Loraine, Ohio. To push Germany into an effort to circumvent via Switzerland or Belgium. At the same time, that willingness to interact with the little girl based on a nickname may suggest that Mrs. Breedlove shares a level of love for the young girl that she withholds from her own daughter, who is not allowed to call her mother by a nickname. Bluest Eye literature essays are academic essays for citation. Toni Morrison and The Bluest Eye Background. "The French were beaten emotionally and spiritually," says Kirchubel. Look like I just didn't care no more after that. While the accommodations weren't luxurious, the barracks and mess halls were a tremendous improvement over the mud, freezing cold and disease of WWI trenches. Such accusations are unfounded". [26] The French imported a third of their coal from Britain, and 32 percent of all imports through French ports were carried by British ships. You can view our. Soaphead Church proceeds to write a letter to God, in which he blames God for making the world badly. Sometimes it can end up there. "That's just what the French did," says Kirchubel. Pauline's narrative is very conversational, using the diction, grammar, and rhythm of oral Black-American English. GradeSaver, 27 August 2019 Web. Petits ouvrages: These small fortresses reinforced the line of infantry bunkers. The World War II German invasion plan of 1940 (Sichelschnitt) was designed to deal with the line. An independent and strong-minded nine-year-old, Claudia is a fighter and rebels against adults tyranny over children and against the Black communitys idealization of white beauty standards. The Maginot Line by Bryan J. Dickerson, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maginot_Line&oldid=1141389027, Military installations established in 1930, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2011, Articles with French-language sources (fr), Articles with Czech-language sources (cs), Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Mostly intact, through the preservation of the French Government, To save manpower (France counted 39 million inhabitants, Germany 70 million), To cover the mobilisation of the French Army. [26] Of French trade, 35 percent was with the British Empire and the majority of the tin, rubber, jute, wool and manganese used by France came from the British Empire. He humiliates Cholly and turns his back on him, returning to his game of dice. She then tells the girls that they can wait with her until Pecola is back, offering them pop to drink while they wait. The Maginot Lines nickname comes from the bulky defensive fortifications built before World War II to protect the border of France from Germany. Marie becomes silent, clearly somehow hurt by Frieda's words. From the creators of SparkNotes, something better. This section is arguably the most successful part of the novel. Pauline has few friends; other women look down at her because she is poorly dressed and speaks like a Southern black. His active response contrasts with Pecolaspassivity. Origin of Marie. [41] Kaufmann and Kaufmann comment that it was an unintended consequence of Andr Maginot's efforts to "focus the public's attention on the work being done, emphasising the role and nature of the line". SparkNotes PLUS The messages the girls hear about white superiority do not come only from the white media or light-skinned blacks like Geraldine. The line has since become a metaphor for expensive efforts that offer a false sense of security.[1]. Her desire to disavow her daughter is proved when the white girl asks who the black children were and Mrs. Breedlove avoids answering her. Claudias ten-year-old sister, who shares Claudias independence and stubbornness. The Maginot Line took 10 years to build, starting in 1929. [4] J.E. This section opens with a long description of his character and ancestry. He tortures the family cat and harasses children who come to the nearby playground. Because she is closer to adolescence, Frieda is more vulnerable to her communitys equation of whiteness with beauty. Narrow Gauge Railway System: A network of 600mm (.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}1ft11+58in) narrow gauge railways was built to rearm and resupply the main fortresses (ouvrages) from supply depots up to 50km (31mi) away. But they still do not know what ruined means, and not understanding what makes the prostitute distasteful to their mother, they focus on what makes the prostitute distasteful to themher fatness. [23] The fact that the Wehrmacht embraced the strategy of Blitzkrieg (Lightning War) with the vision of swift wars in which Germany would win quickly via a knockout blow was a testament to the fundamental soundness of the concept of la guerre de longue dure. Mr. Yacobowski The local grocer, a middle-aged white immigrant. Creating notes and highlights requires a free LitCharts account. The Maginot Line, an array of defenses that France built along its border with Germany in the 1930s, was designed to prevent an invasion. [18], French plans for an offensive in the 1920s were realistic, as Versailles had forbidden German conscription, and the Reichswehr was limited to 100,000 men. World War I absolutely devastated France. The girls admire her light skin and social status, and they are jealous of both. [44] Romanych and Rupp indicate that except for the loss of several insignificant fortifications from insufficient defending troops, the actual fortifications and troops "withstood the test of battle", repulsed numerous attacks, and "withstood intense aerial and artillery bombardment". The pie that should become a pleasant memory for Pecola will only be a pleasant memory for the little white girl"Polly" exerts all her effort in trying to make the house of the white folks feel like a home. The community knows. French strategy, therefore, envisioned a move into Belgium to counter a German assault. He is a pedophile who loves to touch little girls. Subsequently the Line was of minimal military importance, and many of the fortress divisions surrendered without even fighting. The thinness of her companions is then connected to whisky (again based on something that they have heard their mother say, but which they misunderstood), and so they undertake a quest to procure whisky for Frieda. It is also possible that Miss Mary Mack comes from the slang meaning of mack for a "pimp" or "flirting," dating back to the late 1800s. The serpent is the largest remaining artifact from World War II. She lies in an empty lot ruminating and then heads home. Pauline makes a little extra noise while delivering, to let the doctors know that she's no horseand she also points out to us that if you look into a mare's eyes, you realize that even a horse feels pain. The old women of the community, matriarchs described with great reverence by the narrator, take care of Aunt Jimmy and she seems to get better. Dunion. Pauline, in turn, humanizes the horse, and understands that by looking into the animal's eyes one can see that its feelings are as real as those of a human being. [55] It was also frequently referenced in wartime films, notably Thunder Rock, The Major and the Minor (albeit as a comedic metaphor) and Passage to Marseille. Wed love to have you back! Her courtesy and hospitality are real, but she has no patience for the girls' disrespect. Telephone Network: This system connected every fortification in the Maginot Line, including bunkers, infantry and artillery fortresses, observation posts and shelters. Maginot Line. The Maginot Line was invulnerable to aerial bombings and tank fire; it featured underground railways as a backup. However, after France had failed to counter the German remilitarisation of the Rhineland, Belgiumthinking that France was not a reliable allyabrogated the treaty in 1936 and declared neutrality. She is surprised to see them, and they ask her why she is not afraid of the Maginot Line. They had such features as electric generators, ventilation systems, water supplies, kitchens and heating, which allowed their occupants to hold out in the event of an attack. For the girls, the beauty of the homes likewise signifies their worth and the worth of the people who live in them. Instead of worrying that her own daughter has been burned by the hot berries, she pushes Pecola down into the pie juice. Maginot Line. The Germans then broke through the fortification line as defending French forces retreated southward. As a mature women, she has a different understanding of the word from that of the innocent girls, which makes it more painful and triggers her violent reaction. Youve successfully purchased a group discount. Claudia wonders, almost enviously, how being touched in this way feels, but Frieda rejects this questionwhat is important is not how she feels but what has been done to her and how her parents react. These various structures reinforced a principal line of resistance made up of the most heavily armed ouvrages, which can be roughly translated as fortresses or big defensive works. Frieda equates being "ruined" to being like the Maginot Line, because she heard her mother say that the Maginot Line was a "ruined" woman. But does that mean that the Maginot Line was the colossal blunder that many historians have made it out to be? She loses her tooth, Pauline tells us, while biting into a piece of candy at the movies. Frieda and Claudia walk to the lakefront houses, in a beautiful neighborhood with a park that is for white children only. The line, which was supposed to be fully extended further towards the west to avoid such an occurrence, was finally scaled back in response to demands from Belgium. 2. Fortress construction in France continued through the 19th century. During the German offensive Operation Nordwind in January 1945, Maginot Line casemates and fortifications were utilised by Allied forces, especially in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est, and some German units had been supplemented with flamethrower tanks in anticipation of this possibility. She makes fun of Claudia and Frieda and tries to get them into trouble, and they sometimes beat her up. The petits ouvrages were generally made up of several infantry bunkers, connected by a tunnel network with attached underground facilities, such as barracks, electric generators, ventilation systems, mess halls, infirmaries and supply caches. Claudia's assumption that sexual interaction always feels good suggests an innocence that Frieda no longer has. The secret German-Soviet cooperation started in 1921. Morrison Deconstructs White Standards of Beauty in The Bluest Eye, The Unexamined Other: Confronting the Social Hypocrisy of Maureen in The Bluest Eye. "The Maginot Line was meant to stop a World War I-style attack of infantry and artillery, and it did what it was supposed to do," says Kirchubel, who's written multiple books on World War II military campaigns. It is the Maginot Line. These generally had two floors, with a firing level and a support/infrastructure level that provided the troops with rest and services (power-generating units, reserves of water, fuel, food, ventilation equipment, etc.). Without the natural defensive barrier provided by the Rhine River, French generals argued that France needed a new defensive barrier made of concrete and steel to replace it. The line wasn't Maginot's idea alone, but he helped push the ambitious, multimillion-franc project through parliament. $24.99 Would not have made it through AP Literature without the printable PDFs. France's birth rate had actually been declining since the end of the Napoleonic Wars. Don't worry none.". Refine any search. "They cashed in their chips. Claudia and Frieda run away and decide that even though Pecolas mother works on the other side of town, Friedas situation is dire enough that they should go find her. Renews March 8, 2023 Soaphead Church is self-deluding, unhappy, and megalomaniacal. These colossal concrete "works" packed heavy firepower and were connected to nearby stations by underground rail lines to shuttle men, weapons and supplies. He feels that is right for a black girl like Pecola to long to "see the world with blue eyes," but a thoughtful reader will note that eye color does not have an effect on vision. The MacTeers boarder, who has a reputation for being a steady worker and a quiet man. Behind an imposing line of pop-up gun turrets, tank traps and 12-foot (3.6-meter) concrete walls were fully equipped subterranean military bases complete with mess halls, hospitals, recreation facilities and railway lines. [25] Besides the demographic reasons, a defensive strategy served the needs of French diplomacy towards Great Britain. She feels real affection only for her cat. [15] The German statement following The Manchester Guardian's article that Germany did not feel bound by the terms of Versailles and would violate them as much as possible gave much offence in France. Teachers and parents! This section, like the sections on Pauline and Cholly, shows a preoccupation with geneology and ancestry. They nerfed breaking through the line to the nth degree honestly. The Maginot Line was designed to resist attacks by aerial bombardment, artillery and ground forces. On 19 May, the German 16th Army captured the isolated petit ouvrage La Fert (south-east of Sedan) after conducting a deliberate assault by combat engineers backed up by heavy artillery, taking the fortifications in only four days. The white hunters are out of his reach; for all intents and purposes they are invincible (although later, as a grown man, Cholly learns to hate and kill white men). [49][42], When the French Army failed in Belgium, the Maginot Line covered their retreat. Her incessant cleaning suggests she feels her home has been dirtied through the violation of her daughter. Instant downloads of all 1699 LitChart PDFs How did this happen? In the following days, infantry divisions of the 1st Army attacked fortifications on each side of the penetration, capturing four petits ouvrages. While most of the giant underground fortresses of the Maginot Line were abandoned or destroyed, you can visit a few of them, still in working order. (including. Flood Zones were natural basins or rivers that could be flooded on demand and thus constitute an additional obstacle in the event of an enemy offensive. During the advance to the English Channel, the Germans overran France's border defence with Belgium and several Maginot Forts in the Maubeuge area whilst the Luftwaffe simply flew over it. Your group members can use the joining link below to redeem their group membership. These impressive fortifications 142 large artillery forts called ouvrages or "works," 352 fortified gun emplacements called "casemates," and 5,000 smaller bunkers and pillboxes became known as the Maginot Line, named after the French politician Andr Maginot (pronounced Mah-ji-noh). At a conference in London in 1924 to settle the Franco-German crisis caused by the Ruhrkampf, the British Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald successfully pressed the French Premier douard Herriot to make concessions to Germany. She is pretty, playful andaffectionate. [20] The drop in the birth rate during and after the war, resulting in a national shortage of young men, created an "echo" effect on the generation that provided the French conscript army in the mid-1930s. Detailed explanations, analysis, and citation info for every important quote on LitCharts. She has a deformed foot and sees herself as the martyr of a terrible marriage. to start your free trial of SparkNotes Plus. When Cholly is in his early teens, Great Aunt Jimmy becomes sick, and an old seer-like black woman named M'Dear warns her that to get better she must drink nothing but pot liquor. When he returned, Mr. and Mrs. MacTeer attacked him. Cholly searches for father figuresfirst, in Blue Jack, and then in his biological father. Stewart, Amber ed. [20] Faced with a manpower shortage, French planners had to rely more on older and less fit reservists, who would take longer to mobilise and would diminish the French industry because they would leave their jobs. Claudia does not yet know that her mother here is reacting to Frieda's assault by Mr. Henry. Pauline points out the hypocrisy of the woman, who says she's thinking of Pauline's future but won't give her the small sum she needs to pay the gas man. Their poor treatment of the whore seems a comment on their youth more than malice, although it cannot go unnoted that in a novel about the pain of being an outcast, Frieda treats Marie very poorly. He has also acquired the nickname Soaphead Church. The French had been building state-of-the-art fortresses and fortified cities along the German border for centuries. They merely waited for a chance to launch a counterattack. The elephant in the rhyme is said to be a reference to the original Republicans, party of Abraham Lincoln and abolitionism, jumping the fence, or crossing the Mason-Dixon Line, to help free the slaves. Definitions and examples of 136 literary terms and devices. Mr. MacTeer chased Mr. Henry off, beating him first and then firing a gun at him. [31] Stephen Ambrose wrote that in January 1945, "a part of the line was used for the purpose it had been designed for and showed what a superb fortification it was." Refine any search. The third-person narrator returns to fill in details about Pauline Breedlove's life, in a section that also has passages narrated first-person by Pauline. The Nazis knew that the heart of the Maginot Line was nearly impenetrable, so they feinted attacks along the heavily fortified border while they planned for their massive 1940 invasion of France through the Netherlands and Belgium. The association between spring and the pain of being beaten not only speaks to the punishment Claudia and Frieda receives at home, but in a larger sense, foreshadows the brutal events that will occur in the narrative during the Spring season, including Frieda's sexual assault and Pecola's rape. Many believe it to mean "sea of bitterness" or "sea of sorrow." However, some sources cite the alternative definitions of "rebellion," "wished-for child," and "mistress or lady of the sea." The name is borne in the Bible by the mother . Frieda narrates the whole story to Claudia: Mr. Henry made sexual advances at Frieda, who ran to tell her parents. The fights become more and more violent. "The Maginot Line fit perfectly with this kind of thinking." Claudia's response reveals the injustice she feels with regard to the little girl's gesture, and the violent tendencies such feelings inspire. Keep in mind, says Kirchubel, that the French didn't believe that the Maginot Line alone could win another war with Germany. Behind them were minefields and tank traps made from row after row of porcupine-like iron girders that would cripple armored vehicles. Miss Marie is insulted when Claudia tells her she is "ruined." The blocks contained infrastructure such as power stations, independent ventilating systems, barracks and mess halls, kitchens, water storage and distribution systems, hoists, ammunition stores, workshops and spare parts and food stores. The Question and Answer section for Bluest Eye is a great Feester: To worsen, especially due to lack of attention. She asks where "Polly" is, something that infuriates Claudia because even Pecola calls her own mother "Mrs. When the British Expeditionary Force landed in France in September 1939, they and the French reinforced and extended the Maginot line to the sea in a flurry of construction from 1939 to 1940, accompanied by general improvements all along the line. If the animal eats the meat and behaves strangely, her wish will be granted. Maginot was another veteran of World War I; he became the French Minister of Veteran Affairs and then Minister of War (19281932). The design of the casemates is similar to the ones found in the southern part of the Maginot Line, and photographs of them are often confused with Maginot forts. So look for a guy on youtube called feedback gaming. -Graham S. The girls misunderstanding of what their parents mean by the word "ruined" speaks to their naivet with regard to sexual matters. China, Poland, and Miss Marie Character Timeline in The Bluest Eye Consequently, the Germans invaded through the Low Countries in 1940, passing it to the north. 11. Kaufmann added that before construction in October 1927, the Superior Council of War adopted the final design for the line and identified that one of the main missions would be to deter a German cross-border assault with only minimal force to allow "the army time to mobilise. Patreon: https://www.patr. It turns out that Henry touched Friedas breasts. There are 58 ouvrages, 311 casemates, 78 shelters, 14 observatories and around 4,000 blockhouses on the North-West, and 84 ouvrages, 41 casemates, three observatories and around 1,000 blockhouses to the South-West. 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