list of soldiers killed at little bighorn

The covering company would have moved towards a reunion, delivering heavy volley fire and leaving the trail of expended cartridges discovered 50 years later. Fort Worth: Amon Carter Museum of Western Art, 1969, Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument, C-SPAN Cities Tour Billings: Battle of the Little Bighorn, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Cultural depictions of George Armstrong Custer, List of battles won by Indigenous peoples of the Americas, "Characterization of Geographical Aspects of the Landscape and Environment in the Area of the Little Bighorn Battlefield, Montana", Washita Memories: Eyewitness Views of Custer's Attack on Black Kettle's Village (review), "A 7th Cavalry survivor's account of the Battle of the Little Bighorn", "Online version of Cullum's Register of Graduates of the United States Military Academy Class of 1846 Samuel D. Sturgis", "The 7th U.S. Cavalry Regiment Fought in Battle of the Little Bighorn", "The official record of a court of inquiry convened at Chicago, Illinois, January 13, 1879, by the President of the United States upon the request of Major Marcus A. Reno, 7th U.S. Cavalry, to investigate his conduct at the Battle of the Little Big Horn, June 2526, 1876", "George Armstrong Custer and The Battle of the Little of The Little Big Horn (A South African View)", "Confirmed by one of his surviving Arikara scouts, Little Sioux", "Little Sioux's Story of the Battle of the Little Bighorn", Martin J. Kidston, "Northern Cheyenne break vow of silence", "White Cow Bull's Story of the Battle of the Little Bighorn #1", "Indian War / Gen. Gibbons Letter Relating to Terrible Massacre", "Massacre of Our Troops / Five Companies Killed by Indians", "1876: The Eagle Screams. Reno credited Benteen's luck with repulsing a severe attack on the portion of the perimeter held by Companies H and M.[note 5] On June 27, the column under General Terry approached from the north, and the natives drew off in the opposite direction. WebOne Bull, a Cheyenne who lived near the Little Bighorn battlefield on the Northern Cheyenne Reservation supplied Walter Mason Camp with a list of 26 warriors killed at the Little The 12th, Company B under Captain Thomas McDougall, had been assigned to escort the slower pack train carrying provisions and additional ammunition. The regimental commander, Colonel Samuel D. Sturgis, was on detached duty as the Superintendent of Mounted Recruiting Service and commander of the Cavalry Depot in St. Louis, Missouri,[34] which left Lieutenant Colonel Custer in command of the regiment. Beginning in the early 1970s, there was concern within the National Park Service over the name Custer Battlefield National Monument failing to adequately reflect the larger history of the battle between two cultures. ", Philbrick, 2010, p. 73: "The biggest problem with the [Gatling] gun was transporting it to where it might be of some use [in the week preceding the Battle of the Little Bighorn], the Gatling, not the mules, proved to be the biggest hindrance to the expedition. [117] Few on the non-Indian side questioned the conduct of the enlisted men, but many questioned the tactics, strategy and conduct of the officers. Custer believed that the Gatling guns would impede his march up the Rosebud and hamper his mobility. [46] Fearing that the village would break up into small bands that he would have to chase, Custer began to prepare for an immediate attack. Badly wounded, the horse had been overlooked or left behind by the victors, who had taken the other surviving horses. Lawson, 2007, p. 48: "[Three] rapid-fire artillery pieces known as Gatling guns" were part of Terry's firepower included in the Dakota column. Lieutenant William Low, commander of the artillery detachment, was said to have almost wept when he learned he had been excluded from the strike force. Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 1873. In this formation, every fourth trooper held the horses for the troopers in firing position, with 5 to 10 yards (5 to 9m) separating each trooper, officers to their rear and troopers with horses behind the officers. [107] Both Crook and Terry remained immobile for seven weeks after the battle, awaiting reinforcements and unwilling to venture out against the Sioux and Cheyenne until they had at least 2,000 men. [citation needed]. [72]:141 However, in Chief Gall's version of events, as recounted to Lt. Edward Settle Godfrey, Custer did not attempt to ford the river and the nearest that he came to the river or village was his final position on the ridge. WebIt may not be Gen. George Armstrong Custer, who died in 1876 along with his 267 soldiers at the hands of Sioux and Cheyenne Indians at the Little Bighorn in Montana. ", Donovan, 2008, p. 175: "Custer refused Terry's offer of the Gatling gun battery. Some Indian accounts claim that besides wounding one of the leaders of this advance, a soldier carrying a company guidon was also hit. About 20% of the troopers had been enlisted in the prior seven months (139 of an enlisted roll of 718), were only marginally trained and had no combat or frontier experience. ", Hatch, 1997, p. 124: "How often did this defect [ejector failure] occur and cause the [Springfield carbines] to malfunction on June 25, 1876? This formation reduced Reno's firepower by 25 percent. Reported words of Lieutenant Colonel Custer at the battle's outset.[74]. ", Philbrick, 2010, p. 73: "Since its invention during the Civil War, the Gatling gun had been used sparingly in actual battle, but there was no denying, potentially at least, an awesome weapon. And p. 114: Custer told his officer staff days before the battle that he "opted against the Gatling gunsso as not to 'hamper our movements'", Sklenar, 2000, p. 92: Custer "on the evening of 22 June[informed his officer staff]why he had not accepted the offersof Gatling guns (he thought they might hamper his movements at a critical moment). ", Gallear, 2001: "Officers purchased their own carbines or rifles for hunting purposes[however] these guns may have been left with the baggage and is unclear how many officers actually used these weapons in the battle. Criticism of Custer was not universal. First, he went over the ground covered by the troops with the three Crow scouts White Man Runs Him, Goes Ahead, and Hairy Moccasin, and then again with Two Moons and a party of Cheyenne warriors. Fire from the southeast made it impossible for Custer's men to secure a defensive position all around Last Stand Hill where the soldiers put up their most dogged defense. In a subsequent official 1879 Army investigation requested by Major Reno, the Reno Board of Inquiry (RCOI), Benteen and Reno's men testified that they heard distinct rifle volleys as late as 4:30pm during the battle. Brig. "[91], Custer's Last Stand by Edgar Samuel Paxson, Recent archaeological work at the battlefield indicates that officers on Custer Hill restored some tactical control. [134][note 9] She lived until 1933, hindering much serious research until most of the evidence was long gone. ", Philbrick, 2010, p. 99: "Custer knew he had to move quickly to accomplish his objective. Fox, James Donovan, and others, Custer proceeded with a wing of his battalion (Yates' E and F companies) north and opposite the Cheyenne circle at that crossing,[48]:17677 which provided "access to the [women and children] fugitives. He entered military service from Missouri as first lieutenant, Company C, Missouri Volunteer Cavalry, on September 1, 1861. Updates? Its approach was seen by Indians at that end of the village. [77]:44 Then, he went over the battlefield once more with the three Crow scouts, but also accompanied by General Charles Woodruff "as I particularly desired that the testimony of these men might be considered by an experienced army officer". Flaherty, 1993, p. 208: "By 1873, Indians 'used the traditional bow and arrows and war club along with firearms such as the muzzle-loading Leman rifle, issued as part of treaty agreements, and rapid-fire Henry and Winchester rifles, obtained through civilian traders'. [127], By contrast, each Gatling gun had to be hauled by four horses, and soldiers often had to drag the heavy guns by hand over obstacles. Gen. Alfred Terry's column, including twelve companies (A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, K, L, and M) of the 7th Cavalry under Lt. Col. George Armstrong Custer's immediate command,[29] Companies C and G of the 17th Infantry, and the Gatling gun detachment of the 20th Infantry departed westward from Fort Abraham Lincoln in the Dakota Territory on May 17. [174], Sitting Bull's forces had no assured means to supply themselves with firearms and ammunition. Bring Packs. [229] Writer Evan S. Connell noted in Son of the Morning Star:[230]. According to Cheyenne and Sioux testimony, the command structure rapidly broke down, although smaller "last stands" were apparently made by several groups. [64] He then said, "All those who wish to make their escape follow me. [118] Although soldiers may have believed captives would be tortured, Indians usually killed men outright and took as captive for adoption only young women and children. They approved a measure to increase the size of cavalry companies to 100 enlisted men on July 24. Some Native accounts recalled this segment of the fight as a "buffalo run."[82]. They had been preparing for war by collecting Winchester repeating rifles and plenty ammunition. WebIsaiah Dorman: The Only African American Killed at the Little Bighorn Commander Terry, stationed at Fort Snelling, Minnesota, ordered Fort Rice Commander Major Whistler to send mail to Fort Wadsworth where it could be forwarded with their mail to headquarters. [102][103], The Battle of the Little Bighorn had far-reaching consequences for the Natives. WebAs the Battle of the Little Bighorn unfolded, Custer and the 7th Cavalry fell victim to a series of surprises, not the least of which was the number of warriors that they encountered. One of the regiment's three surgeons had been with Custer's column, while another, Dr. DeWolf, had been killed during Reno's retreat. [194], Historian Mark Gallear claims that U.S. government experts rejected the lever-action repeater designs, deeming them ineffective in a clash with fully equipped European armies, or in case of an outbreak of another civil conflict. [118] Indian accounts also noted the bravery of soldiers who fought to the death. [38] Assuming his presence had been exposed, Custer decided to attack the village without further delay. The number of cartridges indicated that about 20 warriors at this position were using Henry repeating rifles. Lawson speculates that though less powerful than the Springfield carbines, the Henry repeaters provided a barrage of fire at a critical point, driving Lieutenant James Calhoun's L Company from Calhoun Hill and Finley Ridge, forcing it to flee in disarray back to Captain Myles Keogh's I Company and leading to the disintegration of that wing of Custer's Battalion. Vol. During the Black Hills Expedition two years earlier, a Gatling gun had turned over, rolled down a mountain, and shattered to pieces. [115] In 1881, Red Horse told Dr. C. E. McChesney the same numbers but in a series of drawings done by Red Horse to illustrate the battle, he drew only sixty figures representing Lakota and Cheyenne casualties. [159][160][161], Historians have acknowledged the firepower inherent in the Gatling gun: they were capable of firing 350 .45-70 (11mm) caliber rounds per minute. Later accounts from surviving Indians are useful but are sometimes conflicting and unclear. "The case for a Custer Battalion survivor: Private Gustave Korns story". The Sioux killed all these different soldiers in the ravine. Where was the Battle of the Little Bighorn fought? ", Lawson, 2007, p. 50: "[Custer] turned down General Terry's offer to bring the three Gatling guns, because they would slow down his movement. Archaeological evidence and reassessment of Indian testimony have led to a new interpretation of the battle. The extent of the soldiers' resistance indicated they had few doubts about their prospects for survival. [75] Troopers had to dismount to help the wounded men back onto their horses. ", Lawson, 2007, p. 53: "Although each soldier was also issued a sword or saber, Custer ordered these weapons boxed before the strike force departed [up Rosebud Creek] the lack of swords would prove to be a disadvantage during some of the close fighting that lay ahead. Many of them were armed with superior repeating rifles, and all of them were quick to defend their families. We'll finish them up and then go home to our station. In 1881, the current marble obelisk was erected in their honor. They were always trying to crawl out and I was always putting them back in, so I didn't sleep much. Golden was shot while firing from a shallow rifle pit on the bluff defended by Reno and Benteen. Come on, Big Village, Be quick, Bring packs. R.E. presents two judgments from Custer's contemporaries: General Henry J. A significant portion of the regiment had previously served 4 years at Fort Riley, Kansas, during which time it fought one major engagement and numerous skirmishes, experiencing casualties of 36 killed and 27 wounded. Custer's force of roughly 210 men had been engaged by the Lakota and Northern Cheyenne about 3.5 miles (5.6km) to the north of Reno and Benteen's defensive position. Modern documentaries suggest that there may not have been a "Last Stand", as traditionally portrayed in popular culture. For a session, the Democratic Party-controlled House of Representatives abandoned its campaign to reduce the size of the Army. [41], With an impending sense of doom, the Crow scout Half Yellow Face prophetically warned Custer (speaking through the interpreter Mitch Bouyer), "You and I are going home today by a road we do not know. Curley, one of Custer's scouts, rode up to the steamboat and tearfully conveyed the information to Grant Marsh, the boat's captain, and army officers. From the south and Fort Fetterman in Wyoming Territory came a column under the command of Gen. George Cook. The 14 officers and 340 troopers on the bluffs organized an all-around defense and dug rifle pits using whatever implements they had among them, including knives. Isaiah Dorman (died June 25, 1876) was an interpreter for the United States Army during the Indian Wars. [127], Custer believed that the 7th Cavalry could handle any Indian force and that the addition of the four companies of the 2nd would not alter the outcome. [16] St. Louis-based fur trader Manuel Lisa built Fort Raymond in 1807 for trade with the Crow. Moving east, from Fort Ellis (near Bozeman, Montana), was a column led by Col. John Gibbon. In 1805, fur trader Franois Antoine Larocque reported joining a Crow camp in the Yellowstone area. Battlefield archaeologists digging at the Little Bighorn have reawakened haunting memories and revived some of the bitter controversies connected with the Last Stand. With Reno's men anchored on their right by the protection of the tree line and bend in the river, the Indians rode against the center and exposed left end of Reno's line. As this was the likely location of Native encampments, all army elements had been instructed to converge there around June 26 or 27 in an attempt to engulf the Native Americans. There were more than 20 [troopers] killed there to the right. White, Richard: "The Winning of the West: The Expansion of the Western Sioux in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries". [109] With the defeat of Custer, it was still a real threat that the Lakotas would take over the eastern part of the Crow reservation and keep up the invasion. After the battle, Thomas Rosser, James O'Kelly, and others continued to question the conduct of Reno due to his hastily ordered retreat. It is a time for prayer and personal sacrifice for the community, as well as for making personal vows and resolutions. The Indians had left a single teepee standing (some reports mention a second that had been partially dismantled), and in it was the body of a Sans Arc warrior, Old She-Bear, who had been wounded in the battle. 192) to the Indian Appropriations Act of 1876 (enacted August 15, 1876), which cut off all rations for the Sioux until they terminated hostilities and ceded the Black Hills to the United States. [213][214] Michael Nunnally, an amateur Custer historian, wrote a booklet describing 30 such accounts. Comanche eventually was returned to the fort and became the regimental mascot. Only a single badly wounded horse remained from Custers annihilated battalion (the victorious Lakota and Cheyenne had captured 80 to 90 of the battalions mounts). Some Scouts would have been armed with both types of weapons plus a variety of side arms. WebIsaiah Dorman. Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument preserves the site of the June 25 and 26, 1876, Battle of the Little Bighorn, near Crow Agency, Montana, in the United States. ", Lawson, 2007 p. 50: "Custerrefused Major James Brisbin's offer to include his Second Cavalry Regiment [200 troopers], told Terry "the 7th can handle anything it meets. [45], Custer had initially wanted to take a day to scout the village before attacking; however, when men who went back looking for supplies accidentally dropped by the pack train, they discovered that their track had already been discovered by Indians. [71] As the scenario seemed compatible with Custer's aggressive style of warfare and with evidence found on the ground, it became the basis of many popular accounts of the battle. And p. 195: Custer, in comments to his officer staff before the Battle of the Little Bighorn, said that "if hostiles could whip the Seventh [Cavalry]they could defeat a much larger force. [191], After exhaustive testingincluding comparisons to domestic and foreign single-shot and repeating riflesthe Army Ordnance Board (whose members included officers Marcus Reno and Alfred Terry) authorized the Springfield as the official firearm for the United States Army. Knowing this location helps establish the pattern of the Indians' movements to the encampment on the river where the soldiers found them. While no other Indian account supports this claim, if White Bull did shoot a buckskin-clad leader off his horse, some historians have argued that Custer may have been seriously wounded by him. [178][188] Virtually every trooper in the 7th Cavalry fought with the single-shot, breech-loading Springfield carbine and the Colt revolver. They were later joined there by the steamboat Far West, which was loaded with 200 tons of supplies from Fort Abraham Lincoln. Towards the end of spring in 1876, the Lakota and the Cheyenne held a Sun Dance that was also attended by some "agency Indians" who had slipped away from their reservations. Weir could see that the Indian camps comprised some 1,800 lodges. [note 10], Over 120 men and women would come forward over the course of the next 70 years claiming they were "the lone survivor" of Custer's Last Stand. On the way he noted that the Crow hunted buffalo on the "Small Horn River". Gallear's analysis dismisses the allegation that rapid depletion of ammunition in lever-action models influenced the decision in favor of the single-shot Springfield. Their use was probably a significant cause of the confusion and panic among the soldiers so widely reported by Native American eyewitnesses. Gregory J. W. Urwin is a professor of history at Temple University and current president of the Society for Military History. The U.S. 7th Cavalry, a force of 700 men, suffered a major defeat while commanded by Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer (formerly a brevetted major general during the American Civil War). While on a hunting trip they came close to the village by the river and were captured and almost killed by the Lakota who believed the hunters were scouts for the U.S. Army. [145][146] This deployment had demonstrated that artillery pieces mounted on gun carriages and hauled by horses no longer fit for cavalry mounts (so-called condemned horses) were cumbersome over mixed terrain and vulnerable to breakdowns. Curley, Custer's Crow scout and interpreter through the battle. "[citation needed] Abandoning the wounded (dooming them to their deaths), he led a disorderly rout for a mile next to the river. ", Sklenar, 2000, pp. The Crow scout White Man Runs Him was the first to tell General Terry's officers that Custer's force had "been wiped out." The trees also obscured Reno's view of the Native American village until his force had passed that bend on his right front and was suddenly within arrow-shot of the village. When he and his scouts first looked down on the village from the Crow's Nest across the Little Bighorn River, they could see only the herd of ponies. All Army plans were based on the incorrect numbers. ", Gallear, 2001: "by the time of the Little Bighorn the U.S. Army was standardizing on the Springfield rifle and carbine [and] saw breech-loading rifles and carbines as the way forward. 30 such accounts the allegation that rapid depletion of ammunition in lever-action models influenced the decision in favor the... And then go home to our station Army during the Indian Wars ' resistance indicated they had doubts! Sioux killed all these different soldiers in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries.! Accounts from surviving Indians are useful but are sometimes conflicting and unclear in, so I did n't much. 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