Though her team has no gym and no uniforms -- and the school itself is in danger of being sold -- Coach Rush looks to steer her girls to their first national championship. Several players continued their love of the game by becoming high-profile professional and collegiate coaches making their mark from the sidelines. And then, in the blink of an eye, they vanished from the national scene -- a casualty of Title IX, which required colleges to offer women athletic scholarships. Like The Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia on Facebook, Follow The Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia on Instagram, Like The Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia on Facebook, Philadelphia, the Place that Loves You Back, Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972, Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame, The Mighty Macs (Trailer via Youtube, April 3, 2014), Mighty Macs Naismith Hall of Fame/ Macs Memories (Immaculata.edu), Cathy Rush gets call from the Hall archived story (Gomightymacs.com). From 1972 to 1977, the Rush-led Macs appeared in six straight AIAW Final Fours. 1947), a graduate of West Chester State College (later West Chester University), implemented strategies used in the mens game. The women had to sell toothbrushes to fund their trip to Illinois for the first womens national collegiate championship tournament. Coach Cathy Rush was the head womens basketball coach at Immaculata from 1970-1977. On Sunday, March 19, 1972, 11 remarkable young women and their coach from immaculata college achieved the impossible, winning the first-ever national women's college basketball championship, and against all odds, capturing the title again in 1973 and 1974. As a small private liberal arts college, Immaculata did not have a recruiting budget or athletic scholarships, and its starters carpooled to campus for morning practices. To honor the 50th anniversary of that first championship, Immaculata is recognizing members of all three national championship teams during a campus celebration on Friday, March 18 from 12-3 PM. Even at less than full strength, Immaculata won the title, upsetting West Chester -- which had beaten the Mighty Macs by 32 points a week earlier. We ask that you consider turning off your ad blocker so we can deliver you the best experience possible while you are here. By Randall S. Shantz (Originally published in 1997). To think that 11 young women and their equally young coach raised the profile and changed the perception of womens sports is amazing. Congratulations to Immaculata Universitys Mighty Macs on their 50th anniversary of the first womens national basketball championship on March 19, 1972. In the finals, the Mighty Macs had another close game with West Chester University, winning 52-48. The following season the Mighty Macs went undefeated. The players crowded four to a room and washed their wool uniforms in hotel sinks. The third season saw Immaculata extend her winning streak to 35 games, and with a 68-53 win over Mississippi College, the Macs claimed their third national championship. Immaculata's 1972 women's NCAA championship team honored in Harrisburg HARRISBURG - The legendary Might Macs women's basketball team at Immaculata University was honored in the state Capitol on Monday, a week shy of the 40th anniversary of their historic national championship victory. During March 14-20, the entire campus community will celebrate the Mighty Macs with various events and displays depicting the teams achievements. Copyright 2023 Immaculata University | 1145 King Road, Immaculata, PA 19345, Immaculata University is a Catholic, comprehensive, coeducational institution founded by the Sisters, Servants, and Immaculate Heart of Mary. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2001. This team from a small, Catholic women's college outside Philadelphia garnered national recognition for women's basketball and women's collegiate sports. On Sunday, March 19, 1972, Immaculata University's women's basketball team etched their name into sports history as the first women's college basketball national champions. To think that 11 young women and their equally young coach raised the profile and changed the perception of womens sports is amazing. Director Tim Chambers Writers Tim Chambers (screenplay) "Immaculata was the founding fathers of what college basketball is today," Auriemma said. They won their first three games, then defeated archrival West Chester for the national championships. The team won two additional titles in 1973 and 1974. [1] [2] The winners of the AIAW tournaments from 1972 to 1981 are recognized as the national champions for those years. Westcott, Rich. "My original plan was to take a year off and then I'd go back the following year and go someplace else. The legendary Mighty Macs demonstrated a dominance rarely seen in any sport, either womens or mens, becoming true heroes of intercollegiate athletics. "They hate being called the pioneers of women's basketball, so I like to call them catalysts. Elizabeth Zack and Emma Holub also collected hat tricks with four and three goals, respectively. In the championship game against old nemesis West Chester (which had sent its third team to play the Macs during the regular season), Immaculata rose to the occasion and avenged the 32-point regional loss a week earlier with a 52-48 victory. This story is from ESPN.com's automated news wire. Some of her star players went on to become successful womens college basketball coaches. Basketball brought the Immaculata community together, and Immaculatas success showcased the high quality of basketball played by Philadelphias Catholic schools. The power points calculation has not been generated yet. First National Women's Collegiate Basketball Championship (March 19, 1972) - AIAW First to win three consecutive national titles (AIAW: 1972, 1973, 1974); placed 2nd in 1975 and 1976 and 4th in 1977 First women's team, with the University of Maryland, to appear on national TV (January of 1975) This Immaculata team definitely felt on top of the world. The mural pays homage to Philadelphia championship winners from multiple sports, and this detail from the mural shows a Mighty Macs player, representing the three AIAW Basketball championships won by Immaculata College (now Immaculata University) between 1972 and 1974. On Sunday, March 19, 1972, Immaculata University's women's basketball team etched its name into sports history as the first women's college basketball national champions.
Duquesne (19-10, 9-7), which saw its four-game home win streak snapped in a 71-67 Senior Day defeat at the hands of Davidson on Sunday, plays its final regular season home game vs. Massachusetts (14-14, 5-11) on Wednesday, Mar. To raise money, players sold toothbrushes. For more information about the 50th-anniversary event, e-mail lszyjka@immaculata.edu. "They still come to the game and sit in that same section right by the door as you come in.". Check back soon! The Mighty Macs went 24-1, with their only loss to West Chester in the regional finals. Boxscore Women's Basketball at Trine University March 4, 2022 7:00 P.M. Women's Basketball // W 70 - 57. The AIAW was formed in 1972 and ran through 1982, when the first NCAA Tournament was held for women's basketball. ); The use of software that blocks ads hinders our ability to serve you the content you came here to enjoy. The team won two additional titles in 1973 and 1974. Jan 13 (Sat) W, 63-57. "That sized college wasn't going to continue to be successful against UCLA, Texas or whomever. Find out what an IU education can do for your mind, your character and your future. Things were so bad for Immaculata that it had precious few basketballs to practice with, so when the team went to other schools for games, the Mighty Macs would "exchange" one of their bad balls for a new one. Rush was inducted into the Naismith Basketball Hall of Fame in 2008, and her 1972-1974 teams followed suit by being inducted in 2014. Their achievements are recognized by many in this Mighty Mac Tribute Video. [1][2][3][4], 1972 AIAW National Basketball Championship, Last edited on 14 November 2022, at 02:37, Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women, "Women's College Basketball Championship History Page", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1972_AIAW_National_Basketball_Championship&oldid=1121776076, *Losers in the first round continued in the consolation bracket (below), This page was last edited on 14 November 2022, at 02:37. On Sunday, March 19, 1972, 11 remarkable young women and their coach from immaculata college achieved the impossible, winning the first-ever national womens college basketball championship, and against all odds, capturing the title again in 1973 and 1974. Degrees & Programs 1 at 7:00 p.m. (ESPN+). After almost failing to make it to the tournament, Coach Rush and the 1972 Mighty Macs were crowned AIAW champions and won their place in basketball history. The 1972 victory is now embedded in the history of college sports: the Mighty Macs were an underdog team from a small womens college in suburban Philadelphia, whose gym burned to the ground years before. Other players became doctors, teachers, philanthropists, or businesswomen. The Mighty Macs and their legendary coach, Cathy Rush, will celebrate this milestone with members of the campus community, the current womens basketball team and Tim Chambers, director of The Mighty Macs movie. "They elevated women's sports to a whole new level.". The 1972 AIAW women's basketball tournament was held on March 16-19, 1972. IMMACULATA, PA. 19345, Phone1-610-647-4400 The Dukes, who are in the hunt for an Atlantic 10 Championship double bye, began the week in a . Copyright 2023 American Community Journals, LLC |, Discover more about the championship Mighty Macs. HARRISBURG - The legendary Might Macs women's basketball team at Immaculata University was honored in the state Capitol on Monday, a week shy of the 40th anniversary of their historic national championship victory. For more information about the 50th-anniversary event, e-mail lszyjka@immaculata.edu. Angela Johnson Anne Hurley Bev Barnes Beverley Bland Carol Turney Chris Critelli Coleen Dufresne Donna Hobin Joanne Sargent Joyce Douthwright Sheila Strike Sylvia Sweeney Head Coach: Brian Heaney Czechoslovakia [ edit] The following players represented Czechoslovakia: [4] Boena Miklooviov Dana Ptkov Hana Douov Ivana Koinkov The women had to sell toothbrushes to fund their trip to Illinois for the first womens national collegiate championship tournament. The 1972 victory is now a landmark moment in the history of college sports: the Mighty Macs were an underdog team from a small womens college in suburban Philadelphia with a gym that burned to the ground years before. They won two additional titles in 1973 and 1974. [7] Beginning in 1975, the AIAW divided its teams into divisions, and held separate tournaments for Division II and Division III teams. 1954) led Old Dominion University to the AIAW championship in 1979 and 1980 and to the NCAA Womens Division I Basketball Championship in 1985. Without them I probably wouldn't have had a chance to play.". The 1972 Immaculata women's basketball team. While they haven't made the national tournament since the glory years, the Mighty Macs were on the verge last season of making the Division III NCAAs. Even then, only eight of the 11 players could go, flying standby. The success of the Mighty Macs built upon a tradition of basketball at Immaculata that began in 1939 and drew skilled Philadelphia area female basketball players to its all-womens campus. 1972-bracket 1972 Tournament AIAW National Tournament Consolation Winner: Queens College Consolation Runner-up: California State-Long Beach 16 teams California State-Fullerton California State-Long Beach* Illinois State Immaculata Indiana (or Indiana State?) The implementation of Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 and the subsequent inclusion of womens sports in the NCAA spelled the end of the Mighty Macs dominance, as they did not have the financial resources to offer athletic scholarships to team members as their competitors did. "We had a whole collection of basketballs emblazoned with other school's names," Grentz recalled, laughing. In addition, the Mighty Macs participated in the first televised womens college basketball game, defeating the University of Maryland on January 27, 1975. "I was 25 at the time and thought they were so wrong, but they were so right," she said. Each game was close, as Immaculata won two of its first three games by a three-point margin and defeated Indiana University by a single basket. Her stint at the small Catholic school for women lasted only seven seasons, but her footprint on the game of women's basketball is still evident today. The underdog team, led by Hall of Fame coach Cathy Rush, went on to win national championships in 1973 and 1974, a story retold in the 2011 film The Mighty Macs. The Mighty Macs were forced to work out at local grade schools and play all their games on the road. Follow The Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia on Instagram
#GoMacs @IUMightyMacs Men's Basketball Ready for the Atlantic East Semifinals at Marymount https://t.co/UYqfKnQe6h @IUMightyMacs GAMEDAY! The Mighty Macs took the basketball world by stormwinning the next two national championships as well. 1145 W KING ROAD The team won two additional titles in 1973 and 1974. Several players continued their love of the game by becoming high-profile professional and collegiate coaches making their mark from the sidelines. She was inducted into the womens Basketball Hall of Fame in 2000 and the Philadelphia Sports Hall of Fame in 2005. To honor the 50th anniversary of the first victory, Immaculata is recognizing members of all three national championship teams during a campus celebration on Friday, March 18, from 12 to 3 p.m. On Sunday, March 19, 1972, Immaculata Universitys womens basketball team etched its name into sports history as the first womens college basketball national champions. They defeated South Dakota State University (60-47), Indiana State University (49-46), Mississippi State School for Women (46-43), and finally regional rival West Chester University, 52-48. "So many things have changed, per diems, strength coaches, academic advisers, your own jet for travel. 1145 W KING ROAD The AIAW women's basketball tournament was a national tournament for women's collegiate basketball teams in the United States, held annually from 1972 to 1982. In the early 1970s, the Mighty Macs of Immaculata College ushered in the modern era of womens athletics.
In the early 70s, Cathy Rush becomes the head basketball coach at a tiny, all-girls Catholic college. Chestnut Hill College. This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged. [1][2] The winners of the AIAW tournaments from 1972 to 1981 are recognized as the national champions for those years. Members of Immaculata Universitys three national championship womens basketball teams reunited to celebrate the 50th anniversary of their first national title, won on Sunday, March 19, 1972. vs #4 Gwynedd Mercy University // Immaculata, Pa. Recap Women's Basketball vs #4 Gwynedd Mercy University February 26, 2022 2:00 P.M. During March 14-20, the entire campus community will celebrate the Mighty Macs with various events and displays depicting the teams achievements. The players crowded four to a room and washed their wool uniforms in hotel sinks. PHILADELPHIA -- Long before Tennessee and Connecticut, Immaculata College was the original women's basketball dynasty. However, the Mighty Macs continued to be remembered. Rush is a breast cancer survivor. 1972: Immaculata: 52-48 West Chester State: Normal . The Mighty Macs continued their dominance, reaching the Final Four in the following three seasons, placing second in 1975 and 1976 and fourth in 1977. ft. of basketball history. In their third game, the Macs had a tougher time against Southern Connecticut State University, but won 47-45. Pre-NCAA statistics, based on AIAW Archives, Special Collections, University of Maryland Libraries.[8]. Another Mighty Macs championship-winning player, Marianne Crawford Stanley, also went on to coach NCAA womens basketball and professional basketball for the Womens National Basketball Association. The story of the 1972 Immaculata Universitys womens basketball season is embedded in the history of college sports. Grounded in IHM tradition and charism since 1920. History. A Century of Philadelphia Sports. OR call toll-free: :
After drawing over 4,000 fans for a Monday afternoon game, she thought about charging admission in order to raise money for the program. The 1972 victory is now a landmark moment in the history of college sports: the Mighty Macs were an underdog team from a small womens college in suburban Philadelphia with a gym that burned to the ground years before. "I said we needed to give scholarships and they said we don't want to be a jock school.". Grounded in IHM tradition and charism since 1920. The coach and her team repeated their winning ways in the 1973 and 1974 seasons. The winners of those regional championships automatically proceeded to the National tournament, then a selection committee chose additional teams based upon considerations for individual team performance and geographical balance. "They were a team that was way ahead of their time. [3][4][5][6], The AIAW tournament was discontinued after the NCAA began sponsoring a women's collegiate basketball tournament in 1982. Rush and the Mighty Macs also captured the AIAW championship in 1974, making three in a row. Now over 250 games are broadcast on the ESPN networks, including the last 16 national championship games. Discover more about the championship Mighty Macs. In 1972, the Immaculata Women's Basketball program faced financial struggles that almost kept the team from competing in the AIAW national tournament in Illinois. Other players became doctors, teachers, philanthropists, or businesswomen. (Author information current at time of publication.). Grentz went on to coach basketball at Saint Josephs University, Rutgers University, Illinois University, and Lafayette. The Mighty Macs continued their dominance, reaching the Final Four in the following three seasons, placing second in 1975 and 1976, and fourth in 1977. Overall, she guided the Mighty Macs to 6 consecutive final four appearances in her seven seasons with the college, attaining a 149-15 record. In 2014, the Mighty Macs were inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame. Mississippi-Women** Northern Illinois Phillips (OK) Queens College The AIAW tournament was preceded by a tournament sponsored by the Commission on Intercollegiate Athletics for Women (CIAW), which was held from 1969 to 1971.[1]. The official box score of Basketball vs Immaculata on 11/15/2022 Byrne, Julie. They defeated South Dakota State University (60-47), Indiana State University (49-46), Mississippi State School for Women (46-43), and regional rival West Chester University (52-48). But no film can quite capture what an underdog that team was. West Chester University of Pennsylvania. The Mighty Macs and their legendary coach, Cathy Rush, will celebrate this milestone with members of the campus community, the current womens basketball team, and Tim Chambers, director of The Mighty Macs. Connecting the Past with the Present, Building Community, Creating a Legacy, TheEncyclopedia She led Immaculata to three consecutive AIAW national titles from 1972-1974.
OR call toll-free: The 1972 Immaculata women's basketball team. The code in each cell represents the furthest the team made it in the respective tournament: On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. And that it happened at Immaculata University, which supported these students on the court and in the classroom, is beyond amazing, states President Barbara Lettiere 72. The Mighty Macs championship teams legacy has not gone unnoticed in the world of sports. The Macs opened championship play with a 60-47 victory over South Dakota State, survived a second-round scare to defeat Indiana State 49-47, and then held off defending national titlist Mississippi State College for Women, the top seed in the 16-team field, 46-43. Such is the case with the saga of coach Cathy Rush and her Immaculata teams that won the 1972, '73 and '74 AIAW championships in the early days of women's collegiate basketball. Nothing about Immaculata College basketball was normal after Normal. Find out what an IU education can do for your mind, your character and your future. by Lydia Szyjka | February 9th, 2022 | Campus News.
The host site was Illinois State University in Normal, Illinois. The Mighty Macs finished the season 24-1. Canterino also played for Immaculata from 1989-92 and makes sure that the current athletes are aware of the team's storied past. New York: Columbia University Press, 2003. I was a senior at Immaculata in 1972 and winning the championship that year is something I will never forget. "I think of colleges today that don't draw 3,000-4,000 to their games," she said. Copyright 2023 American Community Journals, LLC |, Discover more about the championship Mighty Macs. We didn't have any of that.". Open Tuesday - Sunday 10am - 4pm, Closed Monday, The Basketball Hall of Fame All-America Team, The Mannie Jackson - Basketball Human Spirit Award(s), AIAW National Championships (1972, 1973, 1974), Games won in three seasons, losing only two times, The Morgan Wootten Lifetime Achievement Award, The John W. Bunn Lifetime Achievement Award, Glenn Roberts and The Genesis of The Jump Shot, Wayland Baptist Flying Queens of 1948-1982, Basketball Hall of Fame Golf Classic at Monarch Beach Golf Links Hosted by Jerry West, MGM Springfield Hall of Fame Golf Classic, 2016 Karl Malone Award Watch List Narrowed to Ten Finalists, Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Names Steiner Sports as Licensing Agent, Schedule and Match-Ups Announced for Boca Raton Beach Classic. I was really happy being a mom.". The AIAW women's basketball tournament was a national tournament for women's collegiate basketball teams in the United States, held annually from 1972 to 1982. "Immaculata is the only school adversely affected by Title IX," Rush said laughing. Yet after she resigned in 1976 from the 500-student school, the Hall of Famer never coached again. At Immaculata, Coach Cathy Rush (b. Coach Cathy Rush was enshrined in the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 2008, and the 1972-1974 national championship teams were inducted in 2014. The Immaculata Mighty Macs played a huge part in the evolution of womens sports since the 1970s. Financial Aid, MapIMMACULATA UNIVERSITY At the time Rush was disappointed by the school administration's decision to not offer scholarships, but as she says, it was just the arrogance of her youth. The Mighty Macs continued their dominance, reaching the Final Four in the following three seasons, placing second in 1975 and 1976 and fourth in 1977. Rush also was an innovator in marketing the game. The Immaculata Mighty Macs played a huge part in the evolution of womens sports since the 1970s. (Randall S. Shantz covered Immaculata basketball for the Daily Local News in West Chester and, like the Macs, made friends everywhere the team went, particularly in Cleveland, Mississippi.). "If we could do it, they can do it.". Their Cinderella story was made into a Hollywood movie, The Mighty Macs. Yet despite those and many other hardships, the 23-year-old Rush coached her team to a spot in the first-ever women's national college tournament in 1972. Their Cinderella story was made into a Hollywood movie, The Mighty Macs. Several players continued their love of the game by becoming high-profile professional and collegiate coachesmaking their mark from the sidelines. "It would have been huge for us.". Immaculata experienced its initial taste of athletic victory in 1946 when an unwavering group of early Macs defeated the Temple Women's Basketball team to win the Mythical City Championship of Philadelphia. Registration on or use of this site constitutes acceptance of our User . And unlike Pat Summitt and Geno Auriemma's teams, which have dominated the women's basketball landscape in an age of growing fan interest and TV coverage, coach Cathy Rush and her Mighty Macs built title winners out of grit and determination alone. She won an eye-popping 91 percent (149-15) of her games over her tenure at Immaculata, including coaching the first undefeated national champion in 1973. [1] [2] [3] [4] Before we send you to , pleasesubscribe to our daily newsletter. While all attempts are made to ensure the correctness and suitability of information under our control and to correct any errors brought to our attention, no representation or guarantee can be made as to the accessibility, correctness or suitability of information provided by any hyperlinked site or any other linked information accessed through the Basketball Hall of Fame website but not under its control. On Sunday, March 19, 1972, Immaculata Universitys womens basketball team etched its name into sports history as the first womens college basketball national champions. Rush and her Mighty Macs paved the way for the great teams to follow, winning the next two titles and appearing in five of the first six championship games. Rush and Immaculata were trailblazers. Lentowski and Mullins Named to All-Conference Second Team, Women's Basketball Drops Semifinal Match Up at Marymount, Women's Basketball Set to Visit Marymount for Atlantic East Semifinals, Fourth Quarter Surge Leads Mighty Macs to Quarterfinal Win over Neumann, Women's Basketball Set to Host Neumann in Atlantic East Quarterfinals. The Mighty Macs, as a 15th-seed,. The 1972 AIAW women's basketball tournament was held on March 1619, 1972. Before we send you to , pleasesubscribe to our daily newsletter. The Mighty Macs were not favored to win the championship, but the women showed determination and knocked their first three opponents out of the tournament en route to the finals. Ten of the sixteen teams were the winners of regional tournaments. Discover more about the championship Mighty Macs. Players trained by running to gain endurance, and during the 1971-72 season the training paid off. In the spring of 1972, still a few months before the passage of Title IX, Immaculata College won the first of three consecutive Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women national championships. The Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame located in Springfield Massachusetts honors players who have shown exceptional skill at basketball She didn't completely give up basketball, though, beginning a Future Stars camp that she still is involved in. 1-877-42 TODAY, Accepted Students Day - March 25 (on campus), College of Nursing and Health Professions, https://www.immaculata.edu/about/history/championship-mighty-macs/, High-tech, High-demand: Headed for a Secure Job in Cybersecurity, Adult Professionals Rely on Immaculata University for Upskilling, Reskilling and Degree Completion, Anxiety Cant Hamper Her Law School Ambitions, Alumnus Brian Troop, Ed.D. The all-girls Catholic school just outside of Philadelphia had virtually no money. During March 14-20, the entire campus community will celebrate the Mighty Macs with various events and displays depicting the teams achievements. Rosemont College. Nearly 200,000 people visit the Hall of Fame Museum each year to learn about the game, experience the interactive exhibits and test their skills on the Jerry Colangelo "Court of Dreams." In the spring of 1972, still a few months before the passage of Title IX, Immaculata College won the first of three consecutive Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women national championships. City of Champions is the title of a mural painted in 2015 on the side of Spikes Trophies at 2701 Grant Avenue in Philadelphia. Those schools were going to attract the better players. Their Cinderella story was made into a Hollywood movie, The Mighty Macs. The Mighty Macs honor role includes Head Coach Cathy Rush and players Janet Ruch Boltz, Denise Conway Crawford, Janet Young Eline, Theresa Shank Grentz, Nancy Johnston, Barbara Deuble Kelly, Tina Krah, Patricia Mulhern Loughran, Judy Marra Martelli, Maureen Mooney, Sue Forsyth OGrady, Patricia Opila, Rene Muth Portland, Betty Ann Hoffman Quinn, Mary Scharff, Marianne Crawford Stanley, Maureen Stuhlman and Marie Liguori Williams. Now, the Maggie Dixon Classic is annually held there, drawing over 15,000 fans last season. Now, 40 years after its incredible run started, Immaculata's story has been made into a movie ("The Mighty Macs") that will open nationally Friday. Even then, only eight of the 11 players could go, flying standby. Immaculata entered the tournament as the second-place team from the east behind West Chester State after losing to the Golden Rams 70-38 in the regional final. The Mighty Macs finished the season 24-1. (). Stanley was inducted into the Womens Basketball Hall of Fame in 2002. ofGreaterPhiladelphia. Quaker Media, 2009. The film focuses on their rise to prominence and their struggles as underdogs in womens basketball. The adventures of the first championship team were loosely portrayed in the award-winning feature film The Mighty Macs (2009).