On June 9, 1836, Upland or green seeded cotton was not a commercially important crop until the invention of an improved cotton gin in 1793. The house sheltered Confederate statesman. Plantation agriculture in the Southeastern United States, List of plantations in Georgia (U.S. state), John S. Jackson Plantation House and Outbuildings, History of slavery in Georgia (U.S. state), How to Apply the National Register Criteria for Evaluation, "National Historic Landmarks Survey: List of National Historic Landmarks by State", "National Historic Landmark Program: NHL Database", "Greenwich At Bonaventure: The Mansion, The Gardens & Statuary, The Movies: Rudolph Valentino-Stolen Moments Shooting Locations - Savannah GA", Plantation complexes in the Southern United States, Slave health on plantations in the United States, Treatment of the enslaved in the United States, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_plantations_in_Georgia_(U.S._state)&oldid=1141438523, Lists of plantation complexes in the United States by state, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Contributing property to a National Register of Historic Places historic district. As hundreds of enslaved people from the Lowcountry fled across enemy lines to seek sanctuary with Union troops, Georgia slaveholders attempted to move their bondsmen to more secure locations. More striking, almost a third of the state legislators were planters. . The Georgia State Parks & Historic Sites Park Guide is a handy resource for planning a spring break, summer vacation or family reunion. What became of the slaves on a Georgia plantation? Kate was mistress of Pebble Hill until her death in 1936. It is estimated by this transcriber that in 1860, slaveholders of 200 or more slaves, while constituting less than 1 Because the cotton gin made cleaning short-staple cotton easier, more planters invested in the crop. The corner-stone of the South, Stephens claimed in 1861, just after the Lower South had seceded, consisted of the great physical, philosophical, and moral truth, which is that the negro is not equal to the white man; that slaverysubordination to the superior raceis his natural and normal condition.. (WJXT) Anna and some family fled to Haiti after the United States took control of Florida. 1800 Slave Owners 1. Though its fields were advanced research techniques involving all obtainable records of the holder. The enterprising siblings of the fifth generation at Hofwyl-Broadfield resolved to start a dairy rather than sell their family home. Eugene Talmadge often condemned them, and other Georgia politicians opposed the New Deals economic reforms that threatened to undermine the traditional dominance of farmers. It links the agricultural prosperity of the South with the domination by wealthy aristocrats and the exploitation of slave labor. During the Revolution planters began to cultivate cotton for domestic use. Through these challenges black slaves earned some of the benefits their predecessors had earned on coastal rice plantations. Throughout the antebellum era some 30,000 enslaved African Americans resided in the Lowcountry, where they enjoyed a relatively high degree of autonomy from white supervision. White southerners were worried enough about slave revolts to enact expensive and unpopular slave patrols, groups of men who monitored gatherings, stopped and questioned enslaved people traveling at night, and randomly searched enslaved families homes. As of 1800, maps showed 68 plantations outside the villages of Cruz and Coral Bay. . Bullock steadfastly promoted African American equality to no avail, as the Democratic Party, which dismissed Georgias Republicans as scalawags, regained control in 1871 and set Georgia on a course of white supremacist, low-tax, and low-service government. The 1860 U.S. Census Slave Schedules for Early County, Georgia (NARA microfilm series M653, Roll 145) Likewise, at the constitutional convention in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1787, Georgia and South Carolina delegates joined to insert clauses protecting slavery into the new U.S. Constitution. Testimony from enslaved people reveals the huge importance of family relationships in the slave quarters. Joseph P. Reidy, From Slavery to Agrarian Capitalism in the Cotton Plantation South: Central Georgia, 1800-1880 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1992). The fire caused a boom in brick production and opened Savannah to many architects during rebuilding. At the same time, writer Lillian Smith published works and gave speeches that called for an end to segregation. These statistics, however, do not reveal the economic, cultural, and political force wielded by the slaveholding minority of the population. SURNAME MATCHES AMONG AFRICAN AMERICANS ON 1870 CENSUS: (exact surname spellings only are reported, no spelling variations or soundex), (SURNAME, # in US, in State, in County, born in State, born and living in State, born in State and living in County). FORMER SLAVES. Slaveholders controlled not only the best land and the vast majority of personal property in the state but also the state political system. including surname. slaveholder. The expanding presence of evangelical Christian churches in the early nineteenth century provided Georgia slaveholders with religious justifications for human bondage. whom she had two children, was Robert Livingston Ireland. This introduced slaves to new skills that formed the basis for freed blacks economic survival following the Civil War, as discussed later in the example of Sandfly, Georgia. the Indians and Captain Garmany was seriously wounded. Former Confederate officers frequently held the states highest offices. The New Georgia Encyclopedia does not hold the copyright for this media resource and can neither grant nor deny permission to republish or reproduce the image online or in print. In general, punishment was designed to maximize the slaveholders ability to gain profit from slave labor. Historic Site noted.]. Other Georgia Counties 25,000 (127%); and Kansas up from 265 to 17,000 (6,400%). PURPOSE. The inferiority of black people confirmed the necessity, if not the benevolence, of mastership. Before presuming an African American the source or at the time of the source, with African American being used otherwise. would become a museum open to the public. Anthony Gene Carey, Parties, Slavery, and the Union in Antebellum Georgia (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1997). Georgia had led the world in cotton production during the first boom in the 1820s, with 150,000 bales in 1826; later slumps led to some agricultural diversification. Garmany ordered his men to retreat. The most salient were sugar plantations, but there were cotton plantations and livestock plantations. was one of the larger slaveholders in the County. (MondayFriday 8 a.m.8 p.m. SaturdaySunday 9 a.m.5 p.m. EST)ADA Accessibility Info | Staff Resources, Hofwyl-Broadfield Plantation State Historic Site, Please view our Park Rules page for more information, Sapelo Island National Estuarine Research Reserve, Georgia State Parks & Historic Sites Park Guide. On December 31, 1839, Richardson sold land lots 797, 798 and 860 to William S. Simmons for $2,500. Abraham Kuykendall - 5 5. Soon slaves outnumbered whites in the coastal low country. Ira Berlin, in Many Thousands Gone, stated, Slaveholders discovered much of value in supremacist ideology. After a few years selling off various properties, and unable to raise enough, they decided to sell the movable property the slaves from his Georgia plantation. The arrival of Union gunboats along the Georgia coast in late 1861 marked the beginning of the end of white ownership of enslaved African Americans. golakechatuge.com. States that saw significant increases in colored population during that time, and were therefore more likely The rice plantations were literally killing fields. The Union army occupied parts of coastal Georgia early on, disrupting the plantation and slave system well before the outcome of the war was determined. Her first husband, with This article describes the plantation system in America as an instrument of British colonialism characterized by social and political inequality. It was a fortune, however, soon squandered by way of Butler the younger's chronic gambling habit and stock market speculation. Please view our Park Rules page for more information. These constitute the principal rice plantations. Most notable was the work of Atlanta native Martin Luther King, Jr., who established the Southern Christian Leadership Conference in 1957 in that city and from there led a series of protests around the country that became known as the civil rights movement. indexes almost always do not include the slave census. At each retreat they Hanna, the Ohio senator who guided McKinley to the U. S. Presidency. Historical background of the plantation era. Jonathan M. Bryant, How Curious a Land: Conflict and Change in Greene County, Georgia, 1850-1880 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996). Their Planters elaborated such notions, sometimes endowing black men and women with a vicious savagery and sometimes with a docile imbecility. SOURCES. The plantation system, in a modified form, spread inland, with cotton fueling the expansion. Julia Floyd Smith, Slavery and Rice Culture in Low Country Georgia, 1750-1860 (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1985). Watson's Plantation, which was next to . In 1864 Union troops under Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman invaded Georgia from the north. dinner and in light marching order they moved in the direction of the Pansy established the Pebble Hill Foundation, a private foundation Over the antebellum era some two-thirds of the states total population lived in these counties, which encompassed roughly the middle third of the state. C.?, 46 slaves, District 28, page 366B, CORBIN, Jno. Democrats held the governors office continuously until the election in 2003 of Sonny Perdue, the first Republican governor since 1868. Slave Pet Notice: By doing so they could lower their overhead, influence prices, and maximize profits. Georgia, by Robert Stafford in the early 1800s. TuesdaySunday 9 a.m.5 p.m. Nevertheless, Georgians raised 500,000 bales in 1850, second only to Alabama, and nearly 702,000 bales in 1860, behind Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana. Some of these former slaves may have been using the surname of their 1860 slaveholder at the time of Georgia? At the time of his death in 1859, it was recorded that he had $42,000 in real estate and personal property, including 41 enslaved persons who lived on the property in 9 shelters. The former slaveholders bemoaned the demise of their plantation economy, while the freedpeople rejoiced that their bondage had finally ended. 1,000 acres or more, the largest size category enumerated in the census, and another 1,359 farms of 500-999 acres. Yet the religious devotion most slaves developed did not change the how whites viewed them. Diversification of skills also led to capital-producing alternatives for the plantation and highly sought after slave-made products. Andalusia Is the name of Southern American author Flannery O'Connor's rural Georgia estate. In the 1800s, the main reason for large plantations was to produce cash crops, such as tobacco, rice, and cotton. P. & Joel T., 109 slaves, District 4 & 5 & 28, page 356B, FREEMAN, James & YELLDELL, Ellen, 49 slaves, District 28, page 365, GRIST, Richard J. F., 100 slaves, District 4 & 5 & 28, page 356, HARRELL, Dempsy, 60 slaves, District 26, page 370, HARRIS, Joshua, 41 slaves, District 4 & 28, page 3363 ends 362B, HIGHTOWER, Henry Allen, 39 slaves, District 6, page 354B, HIGHTOWER, Joel, 54 slaves, District 6, page 353, HILL, Richard B., 62 slaves, District 4 & 5 & 28, page 357B, HOLMES, G. Wyatt, 30 slaves, District 28, page 367, JOHNSTON, David S., 86 slaves, District 28 & 26, page 372, KOONCE, Susan, 33 slaves, District 28, page 364, MATHEWS, Sarah Hutchins, by John Mathews, 60 slaves, District 28, page 373, MAXWELL, Sarah N., 64 slaves, District 4 & 5 & 28, page 357, MCCLARY, Samuel, 38 slaves, District 28, page 366B, MERCIER, George W., 47 slaves, District 4 & 28, page 363, NESBITT, Martha D., 79 slaves, District 4 & 5 & 28, page 358, OLIVER, Joshua B., 37 slaves, District 6, page 355B, PERRY, Joel W., 40 slaves, District 28, page 364, RANSOM?, James, 73 slaves, District 28, page 363B, REDDICK, John, 42 slaves, District 6, page 355, ROBINSON, Bolling H., 49 slaves, District 5 & 26 & 1164, page 373B, SALTER, James, 31 slaves, District 6, page 354B, SALTER, Thos., 49 slaves, District 5, page 374, SHACKLEFORD, James, 231 slaves, District 26, page 368, SPEIGHT, Thomas E., 45 slaves, District 28, page 365B, STAFFORD, S. S., 39 slaves, District [? In Georgia in 1860 there were 482 farms of 1,000 acres or more, the largest size category enumerated in the census, and another 1,359 farms of 500-999 acres. During the early 1800s, a cotton district developed around Columbia, South Carolina and Augusta, Georgia. were reinforced until the number was about 250, while Garmany had but Infant mortality in the Lowcountry slave quarters also greatly exceeded the rates experienced by white Americans during this era. A number of enslavedartisans in Savannah were hired out by their owners, meaning that they worked and sometimes lived away from their enslavers. By the end of the antebellum era Georgia had more enslaved people and slaveholders than any state in the Lower South and was second only to Virginia in the South as a whole. Although the Revolution fostered the growth of an antislavery movement in the northern states, white Georgia landowners fiercely maintained their commitment to slavery even as the war disrupted the plantation economy. Also known as the William Cannon Houston House. Sherman then launched his March to the Sea, a 50-mile- (80-km-) wide swath of total destruction across Georgia from Atlanta to Savannah, some 200 miles (320 km) to the southeast; Savannah, captured in late December, was largely spared. Also known as Beechwood Hall. possible places of relocation for colored persons from Early County, included the following: Texas, up 70,000 (38%); With an inexpensive cotton gin a man could remove seed from as much cotton in one day as a woman could de-seed in two months working at a rate of about one pound per day. Leslie Harris and Daina Berry (Athens, University of Georgia Press, 2016). Visit Blue Ridge, one of the Souths best mountain towns, where small town charm meets upscale shopping and dining. was heard a short distance away. "Slavery in Antebellum Georgia." Thus, medium-sized farms could grow into plantations within a few years. Evidence also suggests that slaveholders were willing to employ violence and threats in order to coerce enslaved people into sexual relationships. Copyright Brunswick, GA 31525 When Congress banned the African slave trade in 1808, however, Georgias enslaved population did not decline. detailed, searchable and highly recommended database that can found at http://fisher.lib.virginia.edu/census/ . Comprising Sketches return to Home and Links Page. Statesmen like Senator Robert Toombs argued that secession was a necessary response to a longstanding abolitionist campaign to disturb our security, our tranquillityto excite discontent between the different classes of our people, and to excite our slaves to insurrection. Lincolns election, according to these politicians, meant the abolition of slavery, and that act would be one of the direst evils of which the mind can conceive.. On the other hand, Georgia courts recognized confessions from enslaved individuals and, depending on the circumstances of the case, testimony against other enslaved people. Many Black Georgians left the state during World War I as part of the Great Migration to the North. Estimates of the number of former slaves While many factors made rice cultivation increasingly difficult in the years after the Civil War, the family continued to grow rice until 1913. Nonslaveholding whites, for their part, frequently relied upon nearby slaveholders to gin their cotton and to assist them in bringing their crop to market. was never fully ascertained. On each Collections post weve done our best to indicate which rights we think apply, so please do check and look into more detail where necessary, before reusing. Sharing the prejudice that slaveholders harbored against African Americans, nonslaveholding whites believed that the abolition of slavery would destroy their own economic prospects and bring catastrophe to the state as a whole. The brick, once called McAlpins Gray Brick, originated from the gray clay on Henry McAlpins Hermitage plantation located on the Savannah River. By the beginning of the nineteenth century, new technology used in rice production began replacing laborers. Racial divisions and discrimination were still harsh, but white Atlantans were generally more open to communication with African American leadership. K. Philander Doesticks, the piece was published as a stand alone pamphlet in 1863 (featured above). tools superseded the gentler sounds of hoe and scythe. successful. The threat of selling an enslaved person away from loved ones and family members was perhaps the most powerful weapon available to slaveholders. Pebble Hill sold in 1896 to Enslaved laborers in the Lowcountry enjoyed a far greater degree of control over their time than was the case across the rest of the state, where they worked in gangs under direct white supervision. Fun finds, great eats and friendly folks Cartersville! Getting to the fields early and working hard allowed the slaves to enjoy time together later in the day and tend their own gardens and livestock. Instead, the number of enslaved African Americans imported from the Chesapeakes stagnant plantation economy as well as the number of children born to enslaved mothers continued to outpace those who died or were transported from Georgia. plantations: their births and deaths, sick days, and daily tasks are The Great Depression of the 1930s brought even greater suffering to the state and forced hundreds of thousands of sharecroppers out of farming. In 1856, a group of trustees was put in charge of his financial assets in an attempt to return him to solvency. In 1850 and 1860 more than two-thirds of all state legislators were slaveholders. On one Savannah River rice plantation, mortality annually averaged 10 percent of the enslaved population between 1833 and 1861. The most salient were sugar plantations, but there were cotton plantations and livestock plantations. In the 1970s, as Atlantas Black population became a majority in the city, African Americans were elected to high office, including Andrew Young to the U.S. Congress in 1972 and Maynard Jackson to the mayors office in 1973. Freed slaves, if listed in the next census, in 1870, would have been reported with their full name, belonged to the merchant class, along with doctors and lawyers were in the lowest class in Georgia during the antebellum era. Enslaved entrepreneurs assembled in markets and sold their wares to Black and white customers, an economy that enabled some individuals to amass their own wealth. The Hermitage, the Residence and Burial Place of General Jackson, 1845. Language: The material is in English. Following the holder list is a of 194 slaveholders, and those slaveholders have not been included here. These colonies had large tracts of land that were suitable for growing cash crops such as . Lester Maddox, largely remembered as a prominent opponent of desegregation, was elected governor in 1967. As land opened for settlement in the western and northern regions of Georgia (see the Three Centuries of Georgia History online exhibit for discussions of the gold rush and Indian removal), planters had to find new agricultural means to take advantage of it. This historic antebellum estate was the site of major sugar production in the 1800s. In the months following Abraham Lincolns election as president of the United States in 1860, Georgias planter politicians debated and ultimately paved the way for the states secession from the Union on January 19, 1861. Depending on their place of residence and the personality of their slaveholders, enslaved Georgians experienced tremendous variety in the conditions of their daily lives. One of the most enduring institutions born and cemented into black life during this time was the importance of the Church. Scene on a sugar cane plantation, Around 1800, United States, Paris. Both these factors led to a rise in slavery in western and northern Georgia. This pen-and-ink drawing and watercolor by Henry Byam Martin depicts a slave market in Charleston, South Carolina, in 1833. [courtesy of Georgia Department of Economic After a brisk march of about half a mile they came upon a party the pine-growing South. Enslaved people fostered family relationships and communities in and among their quarters. The from of labor, whether it be a task system or a gang system, greatly shaped they encounters and exchanges occurring on the plantation landscape, and impacted life and society after the end of slavery. In the early 1800s, using enslaved African laborers, William Brailsford of Charleston carved a rice plantation from marshes along the Altamaha River. The island's first steam-powered sugar factory. Atlantas business community pursued a more open, progressive approach to the African American community than did many other Southern cities. We rely on our annual donors to keep the project alive. In 1856, a group of trustees was put in charge of his financial assets in an attempt to return him to solvency. The information on surname matches of 1870 African Americans and 1860 slaveholders is intended merely to provide data Leashed pets are allowed on historic site trails, however, they are not allowed in buildings. Lots 859 and 870 would be added to the plantation by his son-in-law, William S. Simmons. Great auction sale of slaves, at Savannah, Georgia, March 2d & 3d, 1859. document.write(cy); 800 acres on the south end of Ossabaw Island, [Note: GEORGE J. Jim Jordan, The Slave-Traders Letter-Book: Charles Lamar, the Wanderer, and Other Tales of the African Slave Trade (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2017). Other statutes made the circulation of abolitionist material a capital offense and outlawed literacy and unsupervised assembly among enslaved people. separate list of the surnames of the holders with information on numbers of African Americans on the 1870 census who were This entrenched pattern was not broken until the scourge of the boll weevil in the late 1910s and early 20s ended the long reign of King Cotton.. For example, rather than purchase casks from outside sources made their own to reduce costs. The Number of slaves in 1790 was 29,264; in 1800 was . Alabama, up 37,000 (8%); North Carolina, up 31,000 (8%); Florida, up 27,000 (41%); Ohio, up 26,000 (70%); Indiana, up The loss of the After the slaves harvested the rice, the Atlantic trade system carried it to locations as far away as South America and Europe. Atlanta newspaper editor and journalist Henry Grady became a leading voice for turning toward a more industrial, commercial-based economy in Georgia. The plantation, which spanned hundreds of acres, had its own cotton gin, mill, and blacksmith shop. enumerated as free in 1860, with about half of those living in the southern States. A. R. Waud's sketch Rice Culture on the Ogeechee, Near Savannah, Georgia depicts enslaved African Americans working in the rice fields. 2610 Highway 155 SW Corporate Information | Privacy | Terms and Conditions | CCPA Notice at Collection. Federal Census", available through Heritage Quest at http://www.heritagequest.com/ . . It should be noted however, that in Toll Free 877.424.4789. term "slaveholder" rather than "slave owner", so that questions of justice and legality of claims of ownership need not be hold slaves on the 1860 slave census could have held slaves on an earlier census, so those films can be checked also. Letter from Garnett Andrews to the editors of Southern Cultivator, August 1852. Ironically, when Georgias leading planter politicians led their state out of the Union, they and their fellow secessionists set in motion a chain of destructive events that would ultimately fulfill their prophecies of abolition. from Fort McCreay and the Indians were put to flight. The sale of approximately 436 men, women, children, and infants . This led to an intensified relationship between whites and blacks. The legal prohibition against slave testimony about whites denied enslaved people the ability to provide evidence of their victimization. During cholera epidemics on some Lowcountry plantations, more than half the enslaved population died in a matter of months. enumerated with the same surname. The Enslaved Georgians experienced hideous cruelties, but white slaveholders never succeeded in extinguishing the human capacity to covet freedom. National Library, . Due to variable film quality, handwriting This cultural autonomy, however, was never complete or secure. Explore our selection of fine art prints, all custom made to the highest standards, framed or unframed, and shipped to your door. Short-staple cotton, a hardier plant which grew in a wide variety of soils and climates, seemed to be the answer. Plantation home architecture not truly Southern (1952) By Fred L. Halpern - The Knoxville Journal (Tennessee) July 6, 1952. Atlanta Many of the white, tall columns used in nineteenth-century Southern homes were shaped by carpenters in New York City who produced them for similar buildings throughout the country.. It was the largest single slave auction in United States history, earning it the moniker of "The Great Slave Auction". Hanna gave the Pebble Hill property to his daughter, Kate Benedict In the 1890s Democrats disenfranchised African American voters and created a system of segregation to separate Blacks and whites in all public places throughout Georgia. By the 1880s and 90s the manufacture of textiles and iron began to expand, and Atlanta grew steadily as a commercial centre based heavily on railroad transportation. Between 1890 and 1920 terrorist mobs in Georgia lynched many African Americans; in 1906 white mobs rioted against Blacks in Atlanta, leaving several Black residents dead and many homes destroyed. The 1860 U.S. Census was the last U.S. census showing slaves and slaveholders. You are the visitor to this page. Your support helps us commission new entries and update existing content. [1][2][3], As of 1728, there were 91 plantation lots defined on Saint John, U.S. Virgin Islands. enumerated in 1860 without giving their names, only their sex and age and indication of any handicaps, such as deaf or blind If the ancestor is not on this list, the 1860 slave census microfilm can be Census data for 1860 was obtained from the Historical United States Census Data Browser, which is a very Soon fewer than five percent of Georgia landholders owned twenty percent of the land a situation the founding Trustees had hoped to prevent. Anna was the daughter of James Watson who owned Buena Vista Plantation - Claiborne MS. 5556 U.S. Highway 17 N The term "County" is used to describe the main subdivisions of the State by which the to see if there were smaller slaveholders with that surname. The war involved Georgians at every level. As early as 1790, Georgia congressman James Jackson claimed that slavery benefited both whites and Blacks. by no means in-active, the buzz and clang of machinery and workmen's Savannahs taverns and brothels also served as meeting places in which African Americans socialized without owners supervision. Some one-fifth of the states enslaved population was owned by slaveholders who enslaved fewer than ten people. The urban environment of Savannah also created considerable opportunities for enslaved people to live away from their owners watchful eyes. Illustration of rice being shipped from a plantation on the Savannah river in Georgia circa 1850. The white cultural presence in the Lowcountry was sufficiently small for enslaved African Americans to retain significant traces of African linguistic and spiritual traditions. Christianity also served as a pillar of slave life in Georgia during the antebellum era. In 1868 the Republican Party came to power in Georgia, with the election of northern-born businessman Rufus Bullock as governor. Eli Whitneys cotton gin, invented in 1793, changed that and the nature of southern slavery as well. Unfortunately for the slave population, the requirements of short-staple cotton cultivation put an end to the development of artisan skills. Salient were sugar plantations, but there were cotton plantations and livestock plantations during rebuilding and Savannah! Brick, once called McAlpins Gray brick, originated from the Gray clay Henry. And climates, seemed to be the answer was Robert Livingston Ireland, seemed to be the answer an relationship! Of African linguistic and spiritual traditions unsupervised assembly among enslaved people to live away from their enslavers for growing crops. Slaveholders who enslaved fewer than ten people doing so they could lower their overhead, influence,... 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